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Immunology Interest0 #704036
| Tags: Immune, immunity, Immune system, Immune response, immune memory, cross-immunity |
+Citations (9) - CitationsAdd new citationList by: CiterankMapLink[1] Medium-term scenarios of COVID-19 as a function of immune uncertainties and chronic disease
Author: Chadi M. Saad-Roy, Sinead E. Morris, Rachel E. Baker, Jeremy Farrar, Andrea L. Graham, Simon A. Levin, Caroline E. Wagner, C. Jessica. E. Metcalf, Bryan T. Grenfell Publication date: 30 August 2023 Publication info: J. R. Soc. Interface.202023024720230247 Cited by: David Price 0:19 AM 28 November 2023 GMT Citerank: (4) 679762Caroline E WagnerCaroline Wagner is an Assistant Professor in the Department of the Bioengineering at McGill University.10019D3ABAB, 701020CANMOD â PublicationsPublications by CANMOD Members144B5ACA0, 704045Covid-19859FDEF6, 715952Long covid859FDEF6 URL: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2023.0247
| Excerpt / Summary [Journal of the Royal Society of Interface, 30 August 2023]
As the SARS-CoV-2 trajectory continues, the longer-term immuno-epidemiology of COVID-19, the dynamics of Long COVID, and the impact of escape variants are important outstanding questions. We examine these remaining uncertainties with a simple modelling framework that accounts for multiple (antigenic) exposures via infection or vaccination. If immunity (to infection or Long COVID) accumulates rapidly with the valency of exposure, we find that infection levels and the burden of Long COVID are markedly reduced in the medium term. More pessimistic assumptions on host adaptive immune responses illustrate that the longer-term burden of COVID-19 may be elevated for years to come. However, we also find that these outcomes could be mitigated by the eventual introduction of a vaccine eliciting robust (i.e. durable, transmission-blocking and/or âevolution-proofâ) immunity. Overall, our work stresses the wide range of future scenarios that still remain, the importance of collecting real-world epidemiological data to identify likely outcomes, and the crucial need for the development of a highly effective transmission-blocking, durable and broadly protective vaccine. |
Link[2] Selection for immune evasion in SARS-CoV-2 revealed by high-resolution epitope mapping and sequence analysis
Author: Arnaud NâGuessan, Senthilkumar Kailasam, Fatima Mostefai, RaphaĂ«l Poujol, Jean-Christophe Grenier, Nailya Ismailova, Paola Contini, Raffaele De Palma, Carsten Haber, Volker Stadler, Guillaume Bourque, Julie G. Hussin, B. Jesse Shapiro, Jörg H. Fritz, Ciriaco A. Piccirillo Publication date: 13 July 2023 Publication info: iScience, VOLUME 26, ISSUE 8, 107394, AUGUST 18, 2023 Cited by: David Price 7:31 PM 10 December 2023 GMT Citerank: (3) 679756Jesse ShapiroJesse Shapiro is an Associate Professor in the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences at McGill University. Jesseâs research uses genomics to understand the ecology and evolution of microbes, ranging from freshwater bacterioplankton to the human gut microbiome. His work has helped elucidate the origins of bacterial species, leading to a more unified species concept across domains of life, and has developed genome-wide association study (GWAS) methods tailored for bacteria.10019D3ABAB, 701020CANMOD â PublicationsPublications by CANMOD Members144B5ACA0, 704045Covid-19859FDEF6 URL: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.107394
| Excerpt / Summary [iScience, 13 July 2023]
Here, we exploit a deep serological profiling strategy coupled with an integrated, computational framework for the analysis of SARS-CoV-2 humoral immune responses. Applying a high-density peptide array (HDPA) spanning the entire proteomes of SARS-CoV-2 and endemic human coronaviruses allowed identification of B cell epitopes and relate them to their evolutionary and structural properties. We identify hotspots of pre-existing immunity and identify cross-reactive epitopes that contribute to increasing the overall humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Using a public dataset of over 38,000 viral genomes from the early phase of the pandemic, capturing both inter- and within-host genetic viral diversity, we determined the evolutionary profile of epitopes and the differences across proteins, waves, and SARS-CoV-2 variants. Lastly, we show that mutations in spike and nucleocapsid epitopes are under stronger selection between than within patients, suggesting that most of the selective pressure for immune evasion occurs upon transmission between hosts. |
Link[3] Impact of Age and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Breakthrough Infection on Humoral Immune Responses After Three Doses of Coronavirus Disease 2019 mRNA Vaccine
Author: Francis Mwimanzi, Hope R Lapointe, Peter K Cheung, Yurou Sang, Fatima Yaseen, Rebecca Kalikawe, Sneha Datwani, Laura Burns, Landon Young, Victor Leung, Siobhan Ennis, Chanson J Brumme, Julio S G Montaner, Winnie Dong, Natalie Prystajecky, Christopher F Lowe, Mari L DeMarco, Daniel T Holmes, Janet Simons, Masahiro Niikura, Marc G Romney, Zabrina L Brumme, Mark A Brockman Publication date: 9 February 2023 Publication info: Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Volume 10, Issue 3, March 2023, ofad073 Cited by: David Price 0:43 AM 13 December 2023 GMT Citerank: (4) 679854Natalie Anne PrystajeckyNatalie Prystajecky is the program head for the Environmental Microbiology program at the BCCDC Public Health Laboratory. She is also a clinical associate professor in the Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine at UBC.10019D3ABAB, 701020CANMOD â PublicationsPublications by CANMOD Members144B5ACA0, 704041Vaccination859FDEF6, 704045Covid-19859FDEF6 URL: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofad073
| Excerpt / Summary [Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 9 February 2023]
Background: Longer-term immune response data after 3 doses of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccine remain limited, particularly among older adults and after Omicron breakthrough infection.
Methods: We quantified wild-type- and Omicron-specific serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G levels, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 displacement activities, and live virus neutralization up to 6 months after third dose in 116 adults aged 24â98â
years who remained COVID-19 naive or experienced their first severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection during this time.
Results: Among the 78 participants who remained COVID-19 naive throughout follow up, wild-type- and Omicron-BA.1-specific IgG concentrations were comparable between younger and older adults, although BA.1-specific responses were consistently significantly lower than wild-type-specific responses in both groups. Wild-type- and BA.1-specific IgG concentrations declined at similar rates in COVID-19-naive younger and older adults, with median half-lives ranging from 69 to 78â
days. Antiviral antibody functions declined substantially over time in COVID-19-naive individuals, particularly in older adults: by 6 months, BA.1-specific neutralization was undetectable in 96% of older adults, versus 56% of younger adults. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, experienced by 38 participants, boosted IgG levels and neutralization above those induced by vaccination alone. Nevertheless, BA.1-specific neutralization remained significantly lower than wild-type, with BA.5-specific neutralization lower still. Higher Omicron BA.1-specific neutralization 1 month after third dose was an independent correlate of lower SARS-CoV-2 infection risk.
Conclusions: Results underscore the immune benefits of the third COVID-19 mRNA vaccine dose in adults of all ages and identify vaccine-induced Omicron-specific neutralization as a correlate of protective immunity. Systemic antibody responses and functions however, particularly Omicron-specific neutralization, decline rapidly in COVID-19-naive individuals, particularly in older adults, supporting the need for additional booster doses. |
Link[4] Antigenic evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in immunocompromised hosts
Author: Cameron A Smith, Ben Ashby Publication date: 11 November 2022 Publication info: Evol Med Public Health. 2023; 11(1): 90â100, PMCID: PMC10061940, PMID: 37007166 Cited by: David Price 1:28 AM 13 December 2023 GMT Citerank: (4) 701020CANMOD â PublicationsPublications by CANMOD Members144B5ACA0, 704045Covid-19859FDEF6, 715368Ben AshbyBen is an Associate Professor in the Department of Mathematics at Simon Fraser University.10019D3ABAB, 71537023/11/16 Ben AshbyAntigenic evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in immunocompromised hosts.144B5ACA0 URL: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoac037
| Excerpt / Summary [Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health, 11 November 2022]
Objectives/aims: Prolonged infections of immunocompromised individuals have been proposed as a crucial source of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic. In principle, sustained within-host antigenic evolution in immunocompromised hosts could allow novel immune escape variants to emerge more rapidly, but little is known about how and when immunocompromised hosts play a critical role in pathogen evolution.
Materials and methods: Here, we use a simple mathematical model to understand the effects of immunocompromised hosts on the emergence of immune escape variants in the presence and absence of epistasis.
Conclusions: We show that when the pathogen does not have to cross a fitness valley for immune escape to occur (no epistasis), immunocompromised individuals have no qualitative effect on antigenic evolution (although they may accelerate immune escape if within-host evolutionary dynamics are faster in immunocompromised individuals). But if a fitness valley exists between immune escape variants at the between-host level (epistasis), then persistent infections of immunocompromised individuals allow mutations to accumulate, therefore, facilitating rather than simply speeding up antigenic evolution. Our results suggest that better genomic surveillance of infected immunocompromised individuals and better global health equality, including improving access to vaccines and treatments for individuals who are immunocompromised (especially in lower- and middle-income countries), may be crucial to preventing the emergence of future immune escape variants of SARS-CoV-2. |
Link[5] Human behaviour, NPI and mobility reduction effects on COVID-19 transmission in different countries of the world
Author: Zahra Mohammadi, Monica Gabriela Cojocaru, Edward Wolfgang Thommes Publication date: 22 August 2022 Publication info: BMC Public Health volume 22, Article number: 1594 (2022) Cited by: David Price 7:50 PM 14 December 2023 GMT
Citerank: (9) 701037MfPH â Publications144B5ACA0, 701624Zahra MohammadiPostdoctoral Fellow, Mathematics for Public health, Fields Institute, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Memorial University of Newfoundland.10019D3ABAB, 703963Mobility859FDEF6, 704041Vaccination859FDEF6, 704045Covid-19859FDEF6, 704045Covid-19859FDEF6, 715328Nonpharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs)859FDEF6, 715419Edward Thommes Edward W. Thommes is an Adjunct Professor of Mathematics at the University of Guelph and at York University. He is a Global Modeling Lead in the Modeling, Epidemiology and Data Science (MEDS) team of Sanofi Vaccines, an Affiliate Researcher in the Waterloo Institute for Complexity and Innovation (WICI), and a member of the Strategic Advisory Committee for the Mathematics for Public Health program at the Fields Institute.10019D3ABAB, 715762Monica CojocaruProfessor in the Mathematics & Statistics Department at the University of Guelph. 10019D3ABAB URL: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13921-3
| Excerpt / Summary [BMC Public Health, 22 August 2022]
Background: The outbreak of Coronavirus disease, which originated in Wuhan, China in 2019, has affected the lives of billions of people globally. Throughout 2020, the reproduction number of COVID-19 was widely used by decision-makers to explain their strategies to control the pandemic.
Methods: In this work, we deduce and analyze both initial and effective reproduction numbers for 12 diverse world regions between February and December of 2020. We consider mobility reductions, mask wearing and compliance with masks, mask efficacy values alongside other non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) in each region to get further insights in how each of the above factored into each regionâs SARS-COV-2 transmission dynamic.
Results: We quantify in each region the following reductions in the observed effective reproduction numbers of the pandemic: i) reduction due to decrease in mobility (as captured in Google mobility reports); ii) reduction due to mask wearing and mask compliance; iii) reduction due to other NPIâs, over and above the ones identified in i) and ii).
Conclusion: In most cases mobility reduction coming from nationwide lockdown measures has helped stave off the initial wave in countries who took these types of measures. Beyond the first waves, mask mandates and compliance, together with social-distancing measures (which we refer to as other NPIâs) have allowed some control of subsequent disease spread. The methodology we propose here is novel and can be applied to other respiratory diseases such as influenza or RSV. |
Link[6] Imprinted Anti-Hemagglutinin and Anti-Neuraminidase Antibody Responses after Childhood Infections of A(H1N1) and A(H1N1)pdm09 Influenza Viruses
Author: Pavithra Daulagala, Brian R. Mann, Kathy Leung, Eric H. Y. Lau, Louise Yung, Ruipeng Lei, Sarea I. N. Nizami, Joseph T. Wu, Susan S. Chiu, Rodney S. Daniels, Nicholas C. Wu, David Wentworth, Malik Peiris, Hui-Ling Yen Publication date: 18 April 2023 Publication info: MBio, 14(3), 18 April 2023 Cited by: David Price 8:02 PM 14 December 2023 GMT Citerank: (2) 701037MfPH â Publications144B5ACA0, 703974Influenza859FDEF6 URL: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00084-23
| Excerpt / Summary [MBio, 18 April 2023]
Immune imprinting is a driver known to shape the anti-hemagglutinin (HA) antibody landscape of individuals born within the same birth cohort. With the HA and neuraminidase (NA) proteins evolving at different rates under immune selection pressures, anti-HA and anti-NA antibody responses since childhood influenza virus infections have not been evaluated in parallel at the individual level. This is partly due to the limited knowledge of changes in NA antigenicity, as seasonal influenza vaccines have focused on generating neutralizing anti-HA antibodies against HA antigenic variants. Here, we systematically characterized the NA antigenic variants of seasonal A(H1N1) viruses from 1977 to 1991 and completed the antigenic profile of N1 NAs from 1977 to 2015. We identified that NA proteins of A/USSR/90/77, A/Singapore/06/86, and A/Texas/36/91 were antigenically distinct and mapped N386K as a key determinant of the NA antigenic change from A/USSR/90/77 to A/Singapore/06/86. With comprehensive panels of HA and NA antigenic variants of A(H1N1) and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, we determined hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) and neuraminidase inhibition (NI) antibodies from 130 subjects born between 1950 and 2015. Age-dependent imprinting was observed for both anti-HA and anti-NA antibodies, with the peak HI and NI titers predominantly detected from subjects at 4 to 12âyears old during the year of initial virus isolation, except the age-independent anti-HA antibody response against A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. More participants possessed antibodies that reacted to multiple antigenically distinct NA proteins than those with antibodies that reacted to multiple antigenically distinct HA proteins. Our results support the need to include NA proteins in seasonal influenza vaccine preparations. |
Link[7] A tale of two stories: COVID-19 and disability. A critical scoping review of the literature on the effects of the pandemic among athletes with disabilities and para-athletes
Author: Luca Puce, Khaled Trabelsi, Achraf Ammar, Georges Jabbour, Lucio Marinelli, Laura Mori, Jude Dzevela Kong, Christina Tsigalou, Filippo Cotellessa, Cristina Schenone, Mohammad Hossein Samanipour, Carlo Biz, Pietro Ruggieri, Carlo Trompetto, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi Publication date: 9 November 2022 Publication info: Front. Physiol., Volume 13, 9 November 2022 Cited by: David Price 8:03 PM 14 December 2023 GMT Citerank: (2) 679815Jude KongDr. Jude Dzevela Kong is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics and Statistics at York University and the founding Director of the Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium (ACADIC). 10019D3ABAB, 701037MfPH â Publications144B5ACA0 URL: DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.967661
| Excerpt / Summary [Frontiers in Physiology, 9 November 2022]
The still ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically impacted athletes, and, in particular, para-athletes and athletes with disabilities. However, there is no scholarly appraisal on this topic. Therefore, a critical scoping review of the literature was conducted. We were able to retrieve sixteen relevant studies. The sample size ranged from 4 to 183. Most studies were observational, cross-sectional, and questionnaire-based surveys, two studies were interventional, and two were longitudinal. One study was a technical feasibility study. Almost all studies were conducted as single-country studies, with the exception of one multi-country investigation. Five major topics/themes could be identified: namely, 1) impact of COVID-19-induced confinement on training and lifestyles in athletes with disabilities/para-athletes; 2) impact of COVID-19-induced confinement on mental health in athletes with disabilities/para-athletes; 3) impact of COVID-19-induced confinement on performance outcomes in athletes with disabilities/para-athletes; 4) risk of contracting COVID-19 among athletes with disabilities/para-athletes; and, finally, 5) impact of COVID-19 infection on athletes with disabilities/para-athletes. The scholarly literature assessed was highly heterogeneous, with contrasting findings, and various methodological limitations. Based on our considerations, we recommend that standardized, reliable tools should be utilized and new, specific questionnaires should be created, tested for reliability, and validated. High-quality, multi-center, cross-countries, longitudinal surveys should be conducted to overcome current shortcomings. Involving all relevant actors and stakeholders, including various national and international Paralympic Committees, as a few studies have done, is fundamental: community-led, participatory research can help identify gaps in the current knowledge about sports-related practices among the population of athletes with disabilities during an unprecedented period of measures undertaken that have significantly affected everyday life. Moreover, this could advance the field, by capturing the needs of para-athletes and athletes with disabilities and enabling the design of a truly âdisability-inclusive responseâ to COVID-19 and similar future conditions/situations. Furthermore, follow-up studies on COVID-19-infected para-athletes and athletes with disabilities should be conducted. Evidence of long-term effects of COVID-19 is available only for able-bodied athletes, for whom cardiorespiratory residual alterations and mental health issues a long time after COVID-19 have been described. |
Link[8] A generalized distributed delay model of COVID-19: An endemic model with immunity waning
Author: Sarafa A. Iyaniwura, Rabiu Musa, Jude D. Kong Publication date: 12 January 2023 Publication info: Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 20(3), 5379â5412 Cited by: David Price 9:22 PM 14 December 2023 GMT Citerank: (3) 679815Jude KongDr. Jude Dzevela Kong is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics and Statistics at York University and the founding Director of the Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium (ACADIC). 10019D3ABAB, 701037MfPH â Publications144B5ACA0, 704045Covid-19859FDEF6 URL: DOI: https://doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2023249
| Excerpt / Summary [Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 12 January 2023]
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been spreading worldwide for over two years, with millions of reported cases and deaths. The deployment of mathematical modeling in the fight against COVID-19 has recorded tremendous success. However, most of these models target the epidemic phase of the disease. The development of safe and effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 brought hope of safe reopening of schools and businesses and return to pre-COVID normalcy, until mutant strains like the Delta and Omicron variants, which are more infectious, emerged. A few months into the pandemic, reports of the possibility of both vaccine- and infection-induced immunity waning emerged, thereby indicating that COVID-19 may be with us for longer than earlier thought. As a result, to better understand the dynamics of COVID-19, it is essential to study the disease with an endemic model. In this regard, we developed and analyzed an endemic model of COVID-19 that incorporates the waning of both vaccine- and infection-induced immunities using distributed delay equations. Our modeling framework assumes that the waning of both immunities occurs gradually over time at the population level. We derived a nonlinear ODE system from the distributed delay model and showed that the model could exhibit either a forward or backward bifurcation depending on the immunity waning rates. Having a backward bifurcation implies that Rc < 1 is not sufficient to guarantee disease eradication, and that the immunity waning rates are critical factors in eradicating COVID-19. Our numerical simulations show that vaccinating a high percentage of the population with a safe and moderately effective vaccine could help in eradicating COVID-19. |
Link[9] Impact of waning immunity against SARS-CoV-2 severity exacerbated by vaccine hesitancy
Author: Chadi M. Saad-Roy, Sinead E. Morris, Mike Boots, Rachel E. Baker, Bryan L. Lewis, Jeremy Farrar, Madhav V. Marathe, Andrea L. Graham, Simon A. Levin, Caroline E. Wagner, C. Jessica E. Metcalf, Bryan T. Grenfell Publication date: 5 August 2024 Publication info: PLoS Comput Biol 20(8): e1012211 Cited by: David Price 11:21 PM 8 December 2024 GMT Citerank: (3) 679762Caroline E WagnerCaroline Wagner is an Assistant Professor in the Department of the Bioengineering at McGill University.10019D3ABAB, 704041Vaccination859FDEF6, 704045Covid-19859FDEF6 URL: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012211
| Excerpt / Summary [PLoS Computational Biololgy, 5 August 2024]
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has generated a considerable number of infections and associated morbidity and mortality across the world. Recovery from these infections, combined with the onset of large-scale vaccination, have led to rapidly-changing population-level immunological landscapes. In turn, these complexities have highlighted a number of important unknowns related to the breadth and strength of immunity following recovery or vaccination. Using simple mathematical models, we investigate the medium-term impacts of waning immunity against severe disease on immuno-epidemiological dynamics. We find that uncertainties in the duration of severity-blocking immunity (imparted by either infection or vaccination) can lead to a large range of medium-term population-level outcomes (i.e. infection characteristics and immune landscapes). Furthermore, we show that epidemiological dynamics are sensitive to the strength and duration of underlying host immune responses; this implies that determining infection levels from hospitalizations requires accurate estimates of these immune parameters. More durable vaccines both reduce these uncertainties and alleviate the burden of SARS-CoV-2 in pessimistic outcomes. However, heterogeneity in vaccine uptake drastically changes immune landscapes toward larger fractions of individuals with waned severity-blocking immunity. In particular, if hesitancy is substantial, more robust vaccines have almost no effects on population-level immuno-epidemiology, even if vaccination rates are compensatorily high among vaccine-adopters. This pessimistic scenario for vaccination heterogeneity arises because those few individuals that are vaccine-adopters are so readily re-vaccinated that the duration of vaccinal immunity has no appreciable consequences on their immune status. Furthermore, we find that this effect is heightened if vaccine-hesitants have increased transmissibility (e.g. due to riskier behavior). Overall, our results illustrate the necessity to characterize both transmission-blocking and severity-blocking immune time scales. Our findings also underline the importance of developing robust next-generation vaccines with equitable mass vaccine deployment. |
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