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| Changing patterns of physical activity Why1 #371611 Technological development and urbanisation bring significant shifts in the patterns of daily activity that can reduce the amount of energy people expend in their normal daily routines. | 
Slides: PHE Adult physical activity slide set – July 2015 [5]Snowdon [6] notes: If one looks at day-to-day exercise and occupational physical activity, it becomes clear that lifestyles have become more sedentary. The transition from manual labour to office work saw jobs in agriculture decline from eleven to two per cent of employment in the twentieth century while manufacturing jobs declined from 28 to 14 per cent of employment (Lindsay, 2003) [4]. Britons are walking less (from 255 miles per year in 1976 to 179 miles in 2010) and cycling less (from 51 miles per year in 1976 to 42 miles in 2010). Only 18 per cent of adults report doing any moderate or vigorous physical activity at work while 63 per cent never climb stairs at work and 40 per cent spend no time walking at work (British Heart Foundation, 2012b: 58-59) [3]. Outside of work, 63 per cent report spending less than ten minutes a day walking and 53 per cent do no sports or exercise whatsoever (ibid.: 52-4). Add to this the ubiquity of labour-saving devices and it is clear that Britons today have less need, and fewer opportunities, for physical activity both in the workplace and at home." |
+Citations (6) - CitationsAdd new citationList by: CiterankMapLink[1] A century of labour market change: 1900 to 2000
Author: Craig Lindsay - ONS
Publication info: 2003 March, Labour Market Trends
Cited by: David Price 10:17 AM 5 January 2015 GMT
Citerank: (5) 352387Previous physical activities replaced by industrially generated energyIndustrial development allows many different aspects of life that previously involved daily physical activity to be accomplished through industrially generated energy instead; for example, the substitution of motorised transport for walking and cycling, a shift from manual and agricultural work towards office work, and a multitude of labour saving devices at work and in the home.555CD992, 352521Not building exercise into daily life A primary cause of the rise in obesity in the UK in recent decades has been a decline in energy expended rather than rise in energy intake; with the changing pattern towards more sedentary lifestyles appearing to be a key factor in this.555CD992, 399897Changing patterns of physical activityTechnological development and urbanisation bring significant shifts in the patterns of daily activity that can reduce the amount of energy people expend in their normal daily routines.555CD992, 399908Not building exercise into daily life The primary cause of the rise in obesity in the UK in recent decades has not been a decline in energy expended rather than rise in energy intake; with the changing pattern towards more sedentary lifestyles appearing to be a key factor in this.555CD992, 399923Previous physical activities replaced by industrially generated energyIndustrial development allows many different aspects of life that previously involved daily physical activity to be accomplished through industrially generated energy instead; for example, the substitution of motorised transport for walking and cycling, a shift from manual and agricultural work towards office work, and a multitude of labour saving devices at work and in the home.555CD992
URL:
| | Excerpt / Summary A summary of labour market conditions in the twentieth
century. |
Link[2] The Growth of Obesity and Technological Change: A Theoretical and Empirical Examination
Author: Darius Lakdawalla, Tomas Philipson
Publication info: 2002 May, NBER Working Paper No. 8946
Cited by: David Price 10:17 AM 5 January 2015 GMT
Citerank: (3) 352387Previous physical activities replaced by industrially generated energyIndustrial development allows many different aspects of life that previously involved daily physical activity to be accomplished through industrially generated energy instead; for example, the substitution of motorised transport for walking and cycling, a shift from manual and agricultural work towards office work, and a multitude of labour saving devices at work and in the home.555CD992, 399897Changing patterns of physical activityTechnological development and urbanisation bring significant shifts in the patterns of daily activity that can reduce the amount of energy people expend in their normal daily routines.555CD992, 399923Previous physical activities replaced by industrially generated energyIndustrial development allows many different aspects of life that previously involved daily physical activity to be accomplished through industrially generated energy instead; for example, the substitution of motorised transport for walking and cycling, a shift from manual and agricultural work towards office work, and a multitude of labour saving devices at work and in the home.555CD992
URL: | | Excerpt / Summary This paper provides a theoretical and empirical examination of the long-run growth in weight over time. We argue that technological change has induced weight growth by making home- and market-production more sedentary and by lowering food prices through agricultural innovation. We analyze how such technological change leads to unexpected relationships among income, food prices, and weight. Using individual-level data from 1976 to 1994, we then find that such technology-based reductions in food prices and job-related exercise have had significant impacts on weight across time and populations. In particular, we find that about forty percent of the recent growth in weight seems to be due to agricultural innovation that has lowered food prices, while sixty percent may be due to demand factors such as declining physical activity from technological changes in home and market production. |
Link[3] Physical Activity Statistics 2012
Author: British Heart Foundation
Publication info: 2013 June, 29
Cited by: David Price 10:21 AM 5 January 2015 GMT
Citerank: (9) 348689Encourage physical activity in daily lifeThe Chief Medical Officer’s report (2011) recommends that adults aged 19-64 years undertake 150 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity per week in bouts of 10 minutes or more. [1]565CA4D9, 348699Increasingly sedentary lifestylesSedentary behaviour is not simply a lack of physical activity but is a cluster of individual behaviours in which sitting or lying is the dominant mode of posture and energy expenditure is very low. Research suggests that sedentary behaviour is associated with poor health in all ages independent of the level of overall physical activity. Spending large amounts of time being sedentary may increase the risk of some adverse health outcomes, even among people who are active at the recommended levels.555CD992, 352521Not building exercise into daily life A primary cause of the rise in obesity in the UK in recent decades has been a decline in energy expended rather than rise in energy intake; with the changing pattern towards more sedentary lifestyles appearing to be a key factor in this.555CD992, 371615Self-reported physical activity is increasingThe number of people who are self-reporting as meeting the government's recommendation of taking 30 minutes vigorous exercise five times a week rose from 26.5 per cent to 37.5 per cent between 1997 and 2012. [3]13EF597B, 399668Encourage physical activity in daily lifeBuild exercise into daily life to promote energy balance. Adults are recommended to take part in 150 minutes of moderate intensity activity every week.565CA4D9, 399897Changing patterns of physical activityTechnological development and urbanisation bring significant shifts in the patterns of daily activity that can reduce the amount of energy people expend in their normal daily routines.555CD992, 399908Not building exercise into daily life The primary cause of the rise in obesity in the UK in recent decades has not been a decline in energy expended rather than rise in energy intake; with the changing pattern towards more sedentary lifestyles appearing to be a key factor in this.555CD992, 399922Increasingly sedentary lifestylesSedentary behaviour is not simply a lack of physical activity but is a cluster of individual behaviours in which sitting or lying is the dominant mode of posture and energy expenditure is very low. Research suggests that sedentary behaviour is associated with poor health in all ages independent of the level of overall physical activity. Spending large amounts of time being sedentary may increase the risk of some adverse health outcomes, even among people who are active at the recommended levels.555CD992, 399933Self-reported physical activity is increasingThe number of people who are self-reporting as meeting the government's recommendation of taking 30 minutes vigorous exercise five times a week rose rose from 26.5 per cent to 37.5 per cent between 1997 and 2012. [3]13EF597B URL:
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Link[6] The Fat Lie
Author: Christopher Snowdon
Publication info: 2014 August
Cited by: David Price 4:45 PM 9 August 2015 GMT
Citerank: (12) 352521Not building exercise into daily life A primary cause of the rise in obesity in the UK in recent decades has been a decline in energy expended rather than rise in energy intake; with the changing pattern towards more sedentary lifestyles appearing to be a key factor in this.555CD992, 371563Per capita sugar consumption has fallen by 16% since 1992Evidence suggests that per capita consumption of sugar, salt, fat and calories has been falling in Britain for decades. Per capita sugar consumption has fallen by 16 per cent since 1992 and per capita calorie consumption has fallen by 21 per cent since 1974.13EF597B, 371570Measuring diet at a societal level is an inexact scienceMeasuring diet at a societal level is an inexact science – as researchers generally have to rely on people keeping track of what they eat over a period of several days – and people may be inclined to under report their consumption patterns. Evidence suggests that people may throw away about 10-20% of the food they buy and underreport how much they eat by around 20–40%.8FFB597, 371615Self-reported physical activity is increasingThe number of people who are self-reporting as meeting the government's recommendation of taking 30 minutes vigorous exercise five times a week rose from 26.5 per cent to 37.5 per cent between 1997 and 2012. [3]13EF597B, 371616A minority of people are meeting the recommendationsAlthough the number of people self-reporting as meeting the government's recommendations is rising, the total number remains a minority of the population.13EF597B, 371617The recommendations relate only to leisure activitiesThe government recommendations, on which people are self-reporting, relate only to leisure activities – and other lifestyle factors (especially the increasingly sedentary patterns of behaviour) may be more significant in this context.13EF597B, 399908Not building exercise into daily life The primary cause of the rise in obesity in the UK in recent decades has not been a decline in energy expended rather than rise in energy intake; with the changing pattern towards more sedentary lifestyles appearing to be a key factor in this.555CD992, 399933Self-reported physical activity is increasingThe number of people who are self-reporting as meeting the government's recommendation of taking 30 minutes vigorous exercise five times a week rose rose from 26.5 per cent to 37.5 per cent between 1997 and 2012. [3]13EF597B, 399957A minority of people are meeting the recommendationsAlthough the number of people self-reporting as meeting the government's recommendations is rising, the total number remains a minority of the population.13EF597B, 399958The recommendations relate only to leisure activitiesThe government recommendations, on which people are self-reporting, relate only to leisure activities – and other lifestyle factors (especially the increasingly sedentary patterns of behaviour) may be more significant in this context.13EF597B, 399961Per capita sugar consumption has fallen by 16% since 1992Evidence suggests that per capita consumption of sugar, salt, fat and calories has been falling in Britain for decades. Per capita sugar consumption has fallen by 16 per cent since 1992 and per capita calorie consumption has fallen by 21 per cent since 1974.13EF597B, 399963Measuring diet at a societal level is an inexact scienceMeasuring diet at a societal level is an inexact science – as researchers generally have to rely on people keeping track of what they eat over a period of several days – and people may be inclined to under report their consumption patterns. Evidence suggests that people may throw away about 10-20% of the food they buy and underreport how much they eat by around 20–40%.8FFB597 URL:
| | Excerpt / Summary All the evidence indicates that per capita consumption of sugar, salt, fat and calories has been falling in Britain for decades. Per capita sugar consumption has fallen by 16 per cent since 1992 and per capita calorie consumption has fallen by 21 per cent since 1974.
Since 2002, the average body weight of English adults has increased by two kilograms. This has coincided with a decline in calorie consumption of 4.1 per cent and a decline in sugar consumption of 7.4 per cent.
The rise in obesity has been primarily caused by a decline in physical activity at home and in the workplace, not an increase in sugar, fat or calorie consumption. |
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