Historical considerations aside, feminists critical of same-sex marriage forecast that the institution will colonize gays and lesbians, producing institutionalized gender-role differentiated marriages (Lehr 1999, Robson 1992; Walters 2001) and a new kind of same-sex, nuclear “patriarchal family” based in monogamy, parenthood, and the concept of partnersas property (Auchmuty 2004; Baird and Rosenbaum 1997; Butler
1996; Ettelbrick 1997; Lehr 1999; Polikoff 1993; Walters 2001).