• It also includes connecting human disease and public health policy to their impacts on economics, education, and the environment to understand the broader set of costs and benefits associated with our responses to pandemics (Bernstein et al. 2022). Such multidisciplinary integration provided by the models can reveal the socio-economic realities in adherence to public health measures and the need to take these into consideration in the formulation of policy (Brankston et al. 2021, Murty et al. 2021).

Figure 1. Emerging infectious disease models provide methods for assimilating multiple sources of information across multiple domains simultaneously.