Intravenous Drug Users (IDU)
IDUs are at increased rate for HIV. There are a number of prevention programs that are underway and the incidence rates of IDU-related HIV infection are decreasing. 
This group is still a high-risk population.
Documents pertaining to IDUs located during the HIV prevention literature survey are:

Aggleton, P., Jenkins, P., Malcolm, A. (2005). HIV/AIDS and injecting drug use: Information, education and communication. International Journal of Drug Policy 16(1), S21-S30.

AIDS Action. (2001). What works in HIV prevention for substance users? Retrieved July 13, 2009, from http://www.jointogether.org/resources/aids-action-what-works-in-hiv.html.

Bruneau, J., Daniel, M., Kestens, Y., Zang, G., & Genereux, M. (2008). Associations between HIV-related injection behavior and distance to and patterns of utilization of syringe-supply programs. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 62(11), 937-1016.

Copenhaver, M., M., Johnson, B. T., Lee, I., Harman, J. J., Carey, M. P., & the SHARP research team. (2006). Behavioral HIV risk reduction among people who inject drugs: Meta-analytic evidence of efficacy. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 31(2), 163-171.

Coyle, S. L., Needle, R. H., & Normand, J. (1998). Outreach-based HIV prevention for injecting drug users: A review of published outcome data. Public Health Reports 113(1), 19-30.

Des Jarlais, D. C. (2008). Data and public health decision making on HIV prevention in injection drug users. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 85(3), 303-305.

Des Jarlais, D. C., & Friedman, S. R. (1998). Fifteen years of research on preventing HIV infection among injecting drug users: What we have learned, what we have not learned, what we have done, what we have not done. Public Health Report 113(Suppl 1), 182-188.

Des Jarlais, D. C., & Semaan, S. (2008). HIV prevention for injecting drug users: The first 25 years and counting. Psychosomatic Medicine 70(5), 606-611.

Dolan, K. A., & Niven, H. (2005). A review of HIV prevention among young injecting drug users: A guide for researchers. Harm Reduction Journal 2(1), 5.

Farrell, M., Gowing, L., Marsden, J., Ling, W., Ali, R. Effectiveness of drug dependence treatment in HIV prevention. International Journal of Drug Policy 16(1), 67-75.

General Accounting Office (GAO) of the United States. (1993). Needle exchange programs: Research suggests promise as an AIDS prevention strategy. Retrieved July 13, 2009, from http://www.gao.gov/products/HRD-93-60.

Gowing, L., Farrell, M., Bornemann, R., Sullivan, L. E., & Ali, R. (2009). Substitution treatment of injecting opioid users for prevention of HIV infection. The Cochrane Collaboration 2009(2).

Hilton, B. A., Thompson, R., Moore-Dempsey, L., Janzen, R. G. (2000). Harm reduction theories and strategies for control of human immunodeficiency virus: A review of the literature. Journal of Advanced Nursing 33(3), 357-370.

Hoover, J. (2008). Harm reduction for injecting drug users. IAS Newsletter 215, 4.

Leonard, L., deRubeis, E., Pelude, L., Medd, E., Birkett, N., & Seto, J. (2008). “I inject less as I have easier access to pipes”: Injecting and sharing of crack-smoking materials, decline after crack smoking resources are distributed. International Journal of Drug Policy 19(3), 255-264.

Metzger, D. S., & Navaline, H. (2003). HIV prevention among injection drug users: The need for integrated models. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 80(4; Suppl 3), iii59-iii66.

Moss, A., Inaba, D. S., Edney, H. & Calfornia Collaborations in HIV Prevention Research Dissemination Project. (n.d.). Youth drug injectors, needle exchange use, and HIV risk in San Francisco and Santa Cruz. Retrieved July 13, 2009, from http://chrp.ucop.edu/resources/dissemination_project/module_03/index.html.

Needle, R. H., Burrows, D. F., Samuel, R., Dorabjee, J., Touze, G., Badrieva, L., Grund, J. C., Kumar, S., Munirathinam, N., Luciano, M., Latkin, C. (2005). Effectiveness of community-based outreach in preventing HIV/AIDS maong injecting drug users. International Journal of Drug Policy 16(Suppl 1), 45-57.

Prendergast, M., L., Urada, D., Podus, D. (2001). Meta-analysis of HIV risk reduction internvetions within drug abus treatment programs. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology 69(3), 389-405.

Ruiz, M. S., Gable. A. R., Kaplan, E. H., Stoto, m. A., Fineberg, H. V., Trussel, J. & Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Science. (2001). No time to lose: Getting more from HIV prevention. Retrieved July 13, 2009, from http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309071372.

Santibanez, S. S., Garfein, R. S., Swartzendruber, A., Purcell, D. W., Paxton, A., Greenberg, A. (2006). Update and overview of practical epidemiological aspects of HIV/AIDS among injection drug users in the United States. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 83(1), 86-100.

Satcher, D. (2000). Evidence-based findings on the efficacy of syringe exchange programs: An analysis of the scientific research completed since April 1998. US Department of Health and Human Services [report].

Semaan, S., Des Jarlais, D. C., Sogolow, E., Johnson, W. D., Hedges, L. V., Ramirez, G., Flores, S. A., Norman, L., Sweat, M. D., & Needle, R. (2002). A meta-analysis of the effect of HIV prevention interventions on the sex behaviors of drug users in the United States.  Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 30(Supple 1), 73-93.

Tilson, H. & Committee on the Prevention of HIV Infection Among Injecting Drug Users in High Risk Countries. (2007). Retrieved July 13, 2009, from http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11731&page=R2.

UNAIDS. (2004). Joint UNAIDS statement on HIV prevention and care strategies for drug users. Retrieved July 13, 2009 from http://data.unaids.org/UNA-docs/CCO_IDUPolicy_en.pdf.

Van Empelen, P., Kock, G., van kestern, N. M. C., van den Borne, B., Bos, A. E. r., Schaalma, H. P. (2003). Effective methods to change sex-risk among drug users: A review of psychosocial interventions. Social Science & Medicine 57(9), 1593-1608.

World Health Organization (WHO). (2009). Technical Guide for Countries to Set Targets for Universal Access to HIV Prevention, Treatment and Care for Injecting Drug User. Retrieved July 13, 2009, from http://www.ngocentre.org.vn/?q=node/8327.

WHO department of HIV/AIDS Prevention. (2004). Effectiveness for action: Effectiveness of community-based outreach in preventing HIV/AIDS among injecting drug users.  Retrieved July 13, 2009, from http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/idu/idu/en/.

Wodak, A., & Cooney, A. (2006). Do needle syringe programs reduce HIV infeciton among drug users: A comprehensive review of the international evidence. Substance Use & Misuse 41(6-7), 777-813.

Wodak, A., & Cooney, A. (2005). Effectiveness of sterile needle and syringe programmes. International Journal of Drug Policy 16(1), S31-S44.

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