Details view: UN Sustainable Development Goals

UN Sustainable Development Goals

SDG Focus Areas Stakeholder Proposal for Goals and Targets
http://www.sustainabledevelopment2015.org/index.php/timeline/203-uncategorised/1498-summary-targets-from-proposals-in-sdgs-einventory

Focus area 1. Poverty eradication

Given that poverty eradication is the primary aim of the new goals framework, there are unsurprisingly a wide range of proposals within the e-Inventory that address the issue. The majority of which, however, seemingly do so at the target level under a different thematic area as opposed to a standalone goal in its own right (i.e. treating poverty as a cross-cutting issue). Those that do propose an individual goal on poverty usually group it with other closely related issues, such as inequality and prosperity, and capacity building and social protection. This would suggest that a more multi-dimensional approach to poverty eradication is being promoted compared to that of the MDG framework.

Inequality and Prosperity

Goal	Poverty and Inequality [2]	Interlinkages	End extreme poverty and promote shared prosperity [3]	Interlinkages
Targets	Implement progressive and redistributive taxation, public spending and social policies (in education, health, wages and social protection) to minimize economic and social inequality.		End extreme poverty: the percentage of people living with less than $1.25 a day to fall to no more than 3 percent globally by 2030.
	Provide Support to small-scale farmers, women producers, rural workers secure access to water, land, soils, biodiversity, credit and infrastructure to end hunger and poverty.		Promote shared prosperity: foster income growth of the bottom 40 percent of the population in every country.
	Ensure access to energy services for the poor and marginalized.

Capacity Building and Social Protection

Goal	Strengthen the individual and collective capacities of people living in greatest poverty and marginalisation [4]	Interlinkages	Universal social protection [5]	Interlinkages
Targets	Capacities of individuals to access resources and to contribute in their own development.		Implementation of a universal social protection floor based on ILO Recommendation No.202.
	Capacities of individuals and collectives to represent issues that matter to the poorest, and support collective responses to problems.		Extension of social security provisions to men and women working in the informal economy.
	Capacities of government institutions to respond to the needs and interests of people living in greatest poverty and marginalisation.		Ratification and implementation of ILO Convention No. 102 on social security.
			Spending on social protection as a percentage of GDP.
			Revenue raised through progressive tax collection as percentage of GDP.
			Creation of a global fund to help the poorest countries implement a social protection floor.

Focus area 2. Sustainable agriculture, food security and nutrition

A large number of proposals in the e-Inventory put forward specific goals on food and agriculture. These can be split into three broad categories: food sovereignty and empowerment; sustainable agriculture; and hunger and nutrition. Nevertheless, the degree of overlap between these categories and the large number of apparent interlinkages at the target level reveals the cross-cutting nature of the issue and its centrality to overall framework.

Food Sovereignty and Empowerment

Goal	Food sovereignty[6]	Interlinkages	Support and empower farmers to create a sustainable agriculture[7]	Interlinkages
Targets	Adopt food sovereignty as policy framework towards adequate, safe, nutritious food for all.		Farmers in the developing world can become as productive as those in the developed world - while supporting continuous gains in sustainability for all.
	Policies and investments to support small-scale farmers, women producers, and workers.		Re-commit to empower farmers via support to knowledge sharing and accessible, quality extension in farm management and marketing.
	Secure access to (and protection of) the water, land, soils, biodiversity.		Supportive frameworks for investment in infrastructure and inclusive markets.
			Work with farmers and other actors across the value chain to address not just food waste, but also food loss.

Sustainable Agriculture

Goal	Sustainable agriculture[8]	Interlinkages	Adoption of sustainable agricultural practices[9]	Interlinkages
Targets	By 2030, chemical inputs, herbicides and pesticides are largely replaced with organic and biological alternatives. Cultivated crop strains are diversified, as are production techniques and the mix of agricultural producers.		Sustainable intensification: • Prevent zero net land degradation in wild areas and increase production on existing arable land; • Restore land and soil quality and manage land and soil resources sustainably; Ensure that food production can meet growing demand and that, in line with the vision of the Strategic Plan of the Convention on Biological Diversity, biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored and wisely used and that ecosystem services are maintained; • Reduce biodiversity loss due to agricultural activities.
	Interspersed natural areas should be protected and restored as sources of pollination, pest control and soil fertility. Best management practices reduce erosion by 90 per cent and nitrogen runoff by 50 per cent or more.		Restoring soils and degraded land: • Restore land and soil quality and manage land and soil resources sustainably.
	Food for export is secondary to food for local consumption.		Expanding resource efficiency techniques: • Invest in nutrient use efficiency research; • Promote connections between water, energy and land.
	The local ecological knowledge of indigenous peoples and traditional and local communities is utilized to identify resilient crops and cultivation practices that provide maximum protection against climate change.		Reducing the yield gap for smallholders: • Invest in extension and knowledge sharing that assists in scaling farmers’ adoption of good farming practices, and in planning for resilience to climate change and potential yield losses; • Develop a network of agri-input dealers as farmers’ main point of contact for inputs and advice, in order to promote extension services and knowledge transfer; • Governments need to invest in agricultural education programs to train agronomists, extension workers and agro-input dealers.

Hunger and Nutrition

Goal	Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger beyond 2015[10]	Interlinkages	To ensure adequate and healthy food for all[11]	Interlinkages
Targets	Improve food security and nutrition by focusing on increasing production and productivity.		To halt the rise in overweight and obesity for children and adults.
	Support farming communities, the poor and the vulnerable to go into small holder farming.		To reduce the global number of children under five who are stunted by 2025.
	Encourage commercialization of agriculture through ensuring the availability of modern farm equipment and tax free farm inputs.		To increase exclusive breastfeeding rates in the first six months by 2025.
	Ensure that extension services are provided free of charge.
	Ensure that farmers have easy access to information, especially on the marketability of their products.
	Focus on improving infrastructure, such as roads and electricity.

Focus area 3. Health and population dynamics

This focus area covers a number of topics addressed by the individual MDGs, and a large number of e-Inventory proposals have put forward clear recommendations on these issues, in the form of both broad and specific standalone goals. There are, for instance, a number of individual broad health goals which contain relatively diverse targets, along with more focused goals on maternal and infant health, and other specific population dynamics-related issues. The repeated interlinakge of targets to gender equality seems to be particularly noteworthy.

Broad Health Goals

Goal	Ensure healthy lives to full equality of all people[12]	Interlinkages	Ensure universal access to quality health care delivery[13]	Interlinkages
Targets	End preventable infant and under-5 deaths.		Reduce by three quarters, between 2015 and 2030, the under-five mortality rate, and to the barest minimum by 2040.
	Increase the proportion of children, adolescents, at-risk adults and older people that are fully vaccinated.		Reduce by three quarters, between 2015 and 2030, the maternal mortality ratio and to the barest minimum by 2040.
	Ensure universal sexual and reproductive health and rights.		Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health and overall health care.
	Reduce the burden of disease from HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, neglected tropical diseases and priority non-communicable diseases.		Reduce annual new infections of HIV/AIDS by three quarters in 2030 and ensure universal treatment for HIV/AIDS patients by 2040.
			By 2020, reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases and ensure that deaths caused by these diseases are reduced by a half in 2030.
			By 2040, to have achieved a universal access to health care delivery, especially in the rural areas.
			By 2040, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 200 million slum dwellers and improved social protection.

Maternal and Infant Health

Goal	By 2030 we will end preventable child and maternal mortality and provide healthcare for all [14]	Interlinkages	Adequate access to primary health services, safe and sustainable water and sanitation, adequate nutrition and basic infrastructure, including electricity, roads and connectivity to the global information network[15]	Interlinkages
Targets	End preventable child and maternal mortality.		Improved primary health care.
	Achieve universal health coverage.		Improved maternal health.
	Tackle the social determinants of health.		Combat HIV and AIDS, malaria and other diseases.
	Tackle the social determinants of health.		Improved nutrition status.

Population Dynamics

Goal	Ensure an enabling and supportive environment for older persons[16]	Interlinkages	Adolescent girls have access to safe, age-appropriate health and nutrition information and services and possess the confidence they need to make healthy transitions to adulthood[17]	Interlinkages
Targets:	Ensure that older persons are integrated into the development process and are poised to be an asset rather than a burden to society.		Reduce the number of girls who become pregnant before age 18 by 50% by 2030. Nearly 13 million adolescent girls give birth each year in developing countries.
	Promote enabling and supportive environments for older persons. It is imperative that ageing issues are included in national development frameworks and poverty-reduction strategies in order to ensure a society for all ages.		Provide, monitor and evaluate universal access to youth-friendly health information and services, including comprehensive life skills-based sexuality education and sexual and reproductive health, for all girls in and out of school, regardless of marital or pregnancy status.
	Support healthy ageing and economic well-being in old age.		End harmful traditional practices, including female genital mutilation, for all girls.

Focus area 4. Education

A number of e-Inventory proposals contain goals and targets on education. The majority of which put forward broad goals that discuss education at different levels (primary, secondary, tertiary etc.), however a number of other proposals include goals and targets which look to advance education in relation to a specific issue such as gender equality and science and technology.

Broad Education Goals

Goal:	By 2030 we will ensure all children receive a good-quality education and have good learning outcomes[18]	Interlinkages	Education for sustainable development[19]	Interlinkages
Targets:	Ensure that girls and boys everywhere are achieving good learning outcomes by the age of 12 with gaps between the poorest and richest significantly reduced.		100% enrolment in free, compulsory primary education.
	Ensure that the poorest young children will be starting school ready to learn, with good levels of child development.		30% of the national budget devoted to education countries.
	Ensure that young people everywhere have basic literacy and numeracy, technical and life skills to become active citizens with decent employment.		75% adult literacy rates.
			Ensure sex parity in education enrolment.
			Integrate values, culture and local languages into education and training programmes to build understanding and expertise in youth.

Issue Specific Education Goals

Goal:	Achieve gender equality, and universal equitable primary and secondary education[20]	Interlinkages	Equitable access to quality education and enhance appropriate technology[21]	Interlinkages
Targets:	Ensure by 2040 that children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling.		Education system that should be accessible and affordable to all and especially the vulnerable youth by having universal primary and secondary education and provision of scholarship for students in colleges and universities at local and international level.
	Ensure by 2040 that 80 per cent of boys and girls alike will be able to complete a full course of secondary education.		Emphasize on investment and promotion of education curriculum that is ICT-incorporated, action-oriented, technical, vocational and entrepreneurship based with the aim of preparing youth for self-employment and cope with the actual environment/working conditions Streamlining and secure of intellectual and property rights with the aim of supporting local innovations.
	Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education by 2030, and at all levels of education no later than 2040.		Streamlining and secure of intellectual and property rights with the aim of supporting local innovations.
	Ensure that practical Science Technology and Innovation training, especially Information and Communication Technology (ICT) training is an integral part of secondary and tertiary education by 2030 and at all levels by 2040.		Support of efficient, customized and sustainable local innovation and research to solve societal problems. The development, promotion, and implementation of policies that enable internal mobilization of resources towards friendly business environment for local technological organizations/institutions.

Focus area 5. Gender equality and women's empowerment

The large number of proposals which contain specific goals and targets on these issues suggest that their inclusion in the new framework is of primary importance to stakeholders. Many proposals address specific sub-issues under gender equality and empowerment, such as violence against women, participation of women and girls in society, and access to services such as education, etc. The goals listed below have been selected due to their wide ranging targets which address the majority of sub-issues gender-related proposals focus upon.

Goal:	Gender equality - The effective implentation of rights equality between men and women[22]	Interlinkages
Targets:	Full implementation of the fundamental rights of women and girls, including access to justice.
	A ban on forced and underage marriages (under 18).
	Prevention and elimination of all forms of violence against women and girls.
	Guaranteed exercise by women of their sexual and reproductive rights, including the right to abortion, notably to prevent and avoid premature and unwanted pregnancies.
	Exercise of their political, economic and social rights.
	The agenda sho\uld also call for reform of discriminatory family law.
	Equal opportunities for men and women: guarantee the economic independence of women.
	Their equal access to economic resources (including land, credit and training).
	Pay and professional equality.
	Equal sharing of household responsibilities.
	Women's participation in formal employment.
	Equal participation in political, economic and social representative and decision-making bodies at all levels, which is indispensable for example to effectively achieve the above targets.

Goal	Ensure gender equality and empower women[23]	Interlinkages
Targets	By 2020, Governments recognize and support the implementation of women’s property and inheritance, by all means possible, and the important role and special needs of women as the primary producers and purchasers of food.
	By 2022, Governments adopt and implement laws that oblige their agencies to take appropriate measures to provide information and engage affected people living in poverty, women and other disadvantaged groups, when making sustainable development decisions.
	By 2020, ensure that women have full access to health care, education, decent living conditions and decent jobs.
	Ensure access to information technology, especially for youth and women.
	Create eco-friendly jobs, with a special focus on youth, women and disadvantaged populations.
	By 2025, Governments ensure the protection of women's rights and develop national strategies to stop men's violence against women.
	By 2025, Governments implement the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), without any reservations.

Focus area 6. Water and sanitation

Many e-Inventory proposals that address this focus area have proposed goals which deal with both water and sanitation together. Other proposals put forward goals which only address the sustainable use and management of water resources and water security. Given the number of interrelated issues a water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) goal would cover, its inclusion could be one way of ensuring that the framework remains concise, with a limited number of goals. However efforts will need to be made to ensure that this does not occur at the expense of the targets related to integrated water resource management (IWRM), thereby accounting for the impact of water policies and use on other issues such as food and energy.

Goal:	A water-secure world[24]	Interlinkages	Sustainable use of water[25]	Interlinkages
Targets:	Everyone has safe drinking water, adequate sanitation and practices good hygiene at home.		By 2013, universal and long-term access to clean water and sanitation facilities. We call for the international recognition of water as a public good and the prohibition of its commercialization. The primary use of water should be considered as drinking water and for subsistence economies and be distributed fairly and efficiently amongst all sectors and social groups.
	All schools, health centres and other institutions provide all users with basic drinking water supply, adequate sanitation, and hand washing and menstrual hygiene facilities.
	Water, sanitation and hygiene are an equitable and sustainable sub-goal.		By 2020, an increase in water use efficiency by 20% in the industrial, energy, and agricultural sector; comprehensive utilization of waste and rain water as an important resource in all sectors; as well as an increase of water recycling by 50%.
	Water resources are managed in every country and every basin based on an IWRM plan.
	All trans-boundary basins have institutional and legal frameworks.		As of 2015, a general prohibition on water deterioration due to a water cycle’s pollution through waste, pesticides, industry, fertilizers and mining activities as already exists in Europe since 2000 under the European Water Framework Directive; a long-term ban on the entry of dangerous substances into water cycles; strict monitoring and adherence to national and international water protection and conservation laws, as well as efficient sanctions in case of violations.
	All ecosystems are managed sustainably and their services ensured.
	Water efficiency and productive use of water resources in industry, agriculture and communal water supply is progressively increased.
	All industrial wastewater is collected and adequately treated for reuse/discharge.		By 2020, the development of regulations and implementation programs for maintaining or achieving good water quality (“environmental flow”), defined respective to existing natural landscapes.
	All urban wastewater is adequately treated before being reused or discharged to the (aquatic) environment.
	All wastewater is managed in a sustainable way to protect water resources and aquatic ecosystems.

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)

Goal:	Proposal for a sustainable development goal on water and sanitation[26]	Interlinkages	Shared vision for water, sanitation and hygiene[27]	Interlinkages
Targets:	Adoption of national legal, policy, and institutional framework for the promotion of universal access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation facilities by all countries, by 2030.		By 2025 no one practices open defecation, and inequalities in the practice of open defecation have been progressively eliminated.
			All drinking water, sanitation and hygiene services are delivered in a progressively affordable, accountable, financially and environmentally sustainable manner.
	Ensure universal access to, and use of safe and affordable drinking water, and improved sanitation and hygiene facilities, by 2030. Increase sustainable use of all water resources, including waste water, to X% of harvest potential by 2030.		By 2030 everyone uses basic drinking-water supply and hand washing facilities when at home, all schools and health centres provide all users with basic drinking-water supply and adequate sanitation facilities, hand washing facilities and menstrual hygiene facilities, and inequalities in access to each of these services have been progressively eliminated.
	Increase sustainable use of all water resources, including waste water, to X% of harvest potential by 2030.		By 2040, everyone uses adequate sanitation at home, the proportion of the population not using an intermediate drinking water service at home has been reduced by half, the excreta from at least half of schools, health centres and households with adequate sanitation are safely managed, and inequalities in access to all these services have been progressively reduced.

Focus area 7. Energy

Several proposals reiterate or build upon the targets used by the UN Secretary-General’s Sustainable Energy For All (SE4ALL) initiative, thereby addressing issues of energy access, efficiency and renewables under a single goal. Others, however, contain specific goals on sub-issues such as energy access and sustainable energy use, something which has in some cases corresponded with more detailed targets than those proposed as part of broader goals on this focus area.

SE4ALL

Goal	By 2030 we will deliver sustainable energy to all [28]	Interlinkages	Sustainable energy use [29]	Interlinkages	Clean energy[30]	Interlinkages
Targets	Universal access to modern energy services.		We call for By 2030, universal access to energy, a 14% reduction of energy consumption in buildings and industry, a doubling of worldwide energy efficiency and the portion of renewable energies in the global mix, and support for the UN Secretary Generals Sustainable Energy for All Initiative.		By 2030, at least 50 per cent of the worlds energy supply comes from renewable sources.
	Eradicate preventable deaths from cook stoves and open fires.
	Double the share of renewable energy sources in the global energy mix.		As a prerequisite, renewable energy projects with negative effects on the ecological and social conditions regionally or globally should not be supported. This includes large hydropower plants, dams, and large-scale biofuels.		By 2020, energy demand is reduced through efficiency and conservation by at least 20 per cent.
	Double the rate of improvements in energy efficiency.		By 2020, 100 million households are supplied with clean cooking energy, for example through support of the Alliance for Clean Cookstoves.		By 2030, energy poverty is eliminated by providing universal access to modern energy services from renewable sources.

Focus area 8. Economic growth

No proposals in the e-Inventory call for a goal on economic growth on its own, rather advocating instead for ‘sustainable’ and ‘green’ economic growth, as well as the need to build the resilience of economies. The emphasis on a particular kind of growth rather than just economic growth being an end in itself is also reflected in the targets included under goals on this issue. This suggests that stakeholders share the views of the OWG that growth is essential for poverty eradication, however only if it is inclusive and environmentally sound – something which should be taken into consideration when choosing the precise language used should this focus area be translated into a goal in the final framework.

Green and Inclusive Growth

Goal	Promote green growth and creation of decent jobs [31]	Interlinkages	Inclusive economic development [32]	Interlinkages
Targets	Multiply the 2008-2012 private investment growth rates from 2015 to 2035 by two or more.		Job opportunities are created and reduce incentives to engage in violence and conflict, and the barriers to women’s access to formal employment are actively addressed.
	Increase percentage of decent jobs from 2015 to 2040.
	Provide more green jobs to diversify jobs available by 2040.		Funding is allocated to income-generating projects including some quick wins, particularly for youth and marginalized groups.
	By 2035, reduce by at least one half, the unemployment and underemployment rate of young university graduates.
	Strengthen social security civil protection systems.		Women are prioritized and targeted for involvement in labour intensive public and community works.
	Strengthen social security civil protection systems.		Increased agricultural productivity and domestic private sector development benefit women farmers and entrepreneurs.

Economic Resilience

Goal	Foster the resilience of economies [33]	Interlinkages
Targets	Improvement of international cooperation.
	Enhancement of the resilience of economic systems through development of incentives favouring small and medium size enterprises (SMEs).
	Enhancement of the resilience of farming and food supply systems through support of production and distribution schemes serving consumers and preserving local land ownership.
	Development and implementation of technologies for water conservation, pollution reduction, and recycling that will meet the increasing demand for water for human use and maintenance of aquatic ecosystems.
	Pursuit of a new economic paradigm that favours qualitative growth over maximum production and revenue.
	Development of innovative technologies serving local demands and their application in rural areas.
	Improvement of general public understanding of the contribution of individuals to environmental degradation and ecosystem shifts and the obligation of each person to cooperate in the efforts to reverse detrimental developments.
	Improvement of risk dynamic modelling of economic and financial systems for the purpose of managing unforeseen developments.

Focus area 9. Industrialisation

Very few proposals housed in the e-Inventory contain goals which directly address issues of industrialisation. Nonetheless a small number of proposals do contain targets which touch upon this focus area, covering issues such as science and research, the reduction of pollutants and waste in industry, and the transition to clean industrialised economies.

Goal	Applied science and research is performed in the service of the public good [34]	Interlinkages	Thriving lives and livelihoods [35]	Interlinkages
Targets	Applied science and research agenda's are publicly defined: they are the result of democratic processes, allowing all stakeholders to contribute to the definition and to a prioritization of agenda's or projects to be (publicly) funded.		Targets on clean air that build on World Health Organization guidelines for pollutants such as black carbon.
			Reductions in emissions of stratospheric ozone-depleting substances in line with projections from the Montreal Protocol.
	Structural solutions are implemented to free R&D activities from short term economic/financial (growth) imperatives.		Critical loads for manmade chemical compounds and toxic materials.
			Sustainable practices for extraction, use and recycling of scarce minerals and metals and other natural resources.

Goal	Promote the transition to a green and inclusive economy [36]		Interlinkages
Targets	Create green jobs to account for 20 per cent of national employment between 2015 and 2035.	Increase by 50 per cent the number of people who receive loans to engage in a productive activity between 2015 and 2035.
	Develop a clean industry accounting for 30 per cent of national industrial production between 2015 and 2035.	Half the number of people working in the informal sector between 2015 and 2035.
	Reduce by 50 per cent the proportion of unskilled unemployed youth between 2015 and 2035.	Increase the share of renewable energy in the energy mix to 30 per cent, between 2015 and 2035.
	Reduce by at least half rate of unemployment and underemployment of young university graduates by 2035.	Ensure access for all to modern and efficient energy, notably in the agricultural, building, industry and transport sectors, by 2035.
	Double private investment growth rate between 2015-35.	Ensure mainstreaming of environmental issues in all public policies (sub-regional, national and local) for the sustainable management of the environment by 2035.
	Double private investment growth rate between 2015-35.	Half by 2035 the rate of degradation of natural resources and biodiversity.

Focus area 10. Infrastructure

Proposals in the e-Inventory which relate to this focus area can be broadly split into two categories; those which discuss infrastructure in broad terms and include targets across multiple sectors such as water, energy, and waste etc., and those which specifically focus on transport-related infrastructure issues. The frequency of sustainable consumption and production (SCP) in the interlinkages column would suggest that this issue goes hand in hand with infrastructure.

Broad infrastructure Goals

Goal	Increase and improve infrastructure and urban management [37]	Interlinkages	Quality infrastructure for access to energy, transportation and communication [38]	Interlinkages
Targets	Double access to sustainable energy between 2015 and 2040.		Electricity and Clean Water: Provide Reliable Electricity and Clean Water at Affordable Price to All
	Increase the share of renewable energy in total energy by 15 per cent and improve energy efficiency to about 10 per cent by 2040.
	Increase by two thirds, between 2015 and 2040, waste collection, disposal and management.		Information and Communication Technology (ICT): Connect All Through Readily Available Communication Technology
	Increase by a fifth, between 2015 and 2040, sustainable transport.
	Increase by a third the length of motor able roads and double-rail transport between 2015 and 2040.		Transportation: Establish Well-Maintained Transport System for Both Private and Business Purposes
	Halve, by 2030, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation and eliminate it by 2040.

Transportation

Goal	Global improvements in the fuel economy of light duty vehicles, with a 50% reduction by 2050 in L/100km in all cars globally (compared to 2005) [39]	Interlinkages	Sustainable Transport [40]	Interlinkages
Targets	30% reduction in L/100km by 2020 compared to 2005 in all new cars in OECD countries		Rural access target: Secure universal access by sustainable transport for rural populations by 2030.
	50% reduction in all new cars globally by 2030		Urban access target: Secure universal access by sustainable transport for urban populations by 2030.
	50% reduction by 2050 in all cars globally		National access and regional connectivity target: Facilitate national inclusion and regional connectivity by sustainable multi-modal freight and passenger services by 2030.
			Road safety target: Halve the burden due to global road traffic crashes by halving the number of fatalities and serious injuries by 2030 compared to 2010.
			Air pollution and human health target: Increase share of urban population with air quality within WHO limits.
			Gas emissions target: Total world transport-related GHG emissions peak no later than 2020 then begin to decline at a 2% per year rate, with 2030 transport-related emissions no higher than 2010 emissions.

Focus area 11. Employment and decent work for all

Several proposals put forward goals calling for full employment, with slight variations at the target level. A number of other proposals contain employment-related goals which focus on jobs and decent work amongst specific sectors of society. In this regard, examples which link the issue to gender and youth are given below. It is also worth noting that a number of proposals, in keeping with MDG 1, maintain a clear link between employment and poverty.

Full Employment

Goal	Full and Decent Employment [41]		Interlinkages
Targets	Full and productive employment.	Ensuring gender equality at work.
	Reduction of vulnerable employment.	Ensuring decent working conditions.
	Reduction of the working poor.	Ensuring effective social dialogue.
	Introduction of a living wage.	Ensuring universal social protection.
	Ensuring rights at work.

Sector Specific Employment

Goal	Employment, decent work and livelihoods [42]	Interlinkages	Youth empowerment and employment [44]	Interlinkages
Targets	Strengthened policies, legislation and enforcement to protect human and labour rights and eliminate exploitation in all its forms, with particular attention to children, women, low-income workers and migrants.		Entrepreneurship: We demand accountability from governments in terms of how money set aside for young people is distributed and used. We recommend that this money should be handled by an independent body free of government interference.
	Women’s equal access to economic, employment and livelihood opportunities, including through legal and policy provisions, for decent work and equal pay with men.
	Social protection, including for informal sector workers.
	Equal land, property and inheritance rights.		Governments must provide transparent financial support to young people by enacting youth friendly policies that allow them to access loans and grants to establish businesses and self-employment initiatives.
	Access to farming supports, productive assets, banking and financial services, technologies and ICTs, and the ability to start and register a business.
	Creation of employment opportunities for older women, especially important in countries without strong pension or social security systems.
	Prohibiting employment discrimination against women based on pregnancy or motherhood.		Governments should introduce compulsory basic entrepreneurial courses to be offered in schools and provide mentorship towards the same.
	Adopting and strengthening gender-responsive, family-friendly labour policies and social protection systems that can support women’s equal opportunities for full, productive and decent work, by addressing their disproportionate burden of unpaid care work, inter alia, through maternity and paternity leave policies, flexible work arrangements, the provision of affordable child and elderly care and supports for the care of people living with HIV, disabilities or illness.
	Investments to reduce time-use burdens on women and girls in managing household tasks and family basic needs (e.g. for water, fuel), that also limit female labour force participation and productivity.		Promote innovation, creativity and foster skill and experience development among young people.
	Creating full, productive and decent employment and livelihood opportunities for youth, with decent wages and attention to young women’s equal opportunities, including expanding access to productive assets and financial services to foster youth entrepreneurship, and skills-building that can also help spur technological innovation and green solutions.		Creation of Employment: The governments should ensure that at least 1/3 of jobs in the public service are opened up to the youth.
	Undertaking public education on the importance of gender equality and shared rights and responsibilities of men and boys, including in household management, sexual and reproductive health and rights, and childrearing.		We ask the government to put in place cross border lending systems for citizens living in the Diasporas to allow them to set up businesses and invest at home.
	Adopting legal, policy and institutional employer-based measures to prevent sexual harassment and any form of gender-based violence in workplaces, including through complaint and redress mechanisms, and establishing supportive and flexible policies and programmes for women subjected to domestic abuse and violence.

Focus area 12. Promote equality

Equality is one of the most common thematic areas tagged in e-Inventory proposals, with targets to address the issue cutting across a diverse range of areas. A number of proposals also contain standalone goals on equality, which range from those which call for the reduction of disparities both between and within nations, to those that focus on specific economic and social targets that would reduce inequality at the national level. The large number of interlinkages associated with the targets in the second table below illustrates the extent to which equality seems to relate to virtually all other focus areas.

Reducing Inequalities (Broad)

Goal	Equality [44]	Interlinkages	Economic and social inequality [45]	Interlinkages
Targets	Equality between countries.		Ensure that growth reaches all sections of the society equitably through a fair system of distribution of resources
	Equality within nation.		Promote the rights and full inclusion of persons with disabilities, the aged, young people, girls and other socially excluded people.
	Equality within household.		Improve women’s access to economic and productive resources and their participation in political decision making.
	Intergenerational equality.		Improve access of children with disability to accessible quality education.
	Intergenerational equality.		Ensure that young people have access to equal opportunities to enable them maximise their potential.

Economic Justice

Goal	Achieve Economic Justice [46]	Interlinkages
Targets	Enact living wage lawsthat guarantee that all workers, including women, those in the informal sector, agricultural workers, and migrant workers, earn enough to live with dignity.
	Ensure that wages grow with productivity; and increasecooperation between countries on exchange rates, trade and fiscal policies, and wagesto prevent a race to the bottom.
	Implement policies to ensure that all women, men and young people have access to decent work, including by enacting legal protections to provide security in the workplace, social protection for workers and their families, paid parental, breastfeeding, care and sick leave; promote collective bargaining, and organization, and the rights of workers to participate in decision-making that affects their lives.
	Ensure trade, investment, financial and intellectual policy rights policiesthat do not impede countries’ abilities, fiscal or policy space to provide economic opportunities and services to their people or undermine the right to development.
	Guarantee universal social protection for all, including income security for the unemployed and those whose livelihoods depend on precarious work, the sick, the disabled, pregnant women, children and the elderly.
	Guarantee the right to universal access to quality public health services, education, food, water, sanitation, energy and justiceand implement targeted policies and programs to ensure that women, the poorest and most marginalized, including migrants, refugees and stateless peoples, are able to access and benefit from these services.
	Move towards economies that are owned, driven and planned by peopleto meet their development needs and guarantee their human rights.
	End policies that promote the exploitation of migrant workersand the use of remittances to finance national development priorities, and create an enabling environment for migrant workers to enjoy their human rights; strengthen cross-border and multi-sectoral collaboration between countries of origin and destination to promote migrants’ rights, including to social protection; and guarantee access to health, education, and other social services for migrants, regardless of their migration status.

Focus area 13. Sustainable cities and human settlements

Overall, there are fewer proposals in the e-Inventory which contain clear targets and indicators on cities than most other focus areas. Nonetheless one proposal in particular (in the second table below) provides very detailed targets on the issue. The strong link between cities and infrastructure is exhibited by almost all proposals.

Goal	Cities [47]	Interlinkages	Green cities [48]	Interlinkages
Targets	Increase access to public space and services.		By 2030, cities develop and implement action plans to address transport, public health and environmental needs in a harmonious and integrated way.
	Increase the share of informal sector workers with social protection.		By 2030, from the local to the national levels, Government policies foster compact, mixed-use, pedestrian-oriented, urban development that minimizes energy use and maximizes residential health and that reflects the concept of a society for all ages.
	Reduce travel time.		All new buildings meet green building standards by 2030.
	Limit the use of private vehicles.		By 2030, city transport needs are or remain predominantly met by mass transport, walking and bicycling.
	Maintain or increase the rate of green areas.		Quality of life is also improved for residents by 2030, providing access to green buildings with urban rooftop gardens, clean water, clean energy, waste management systems and sustainable transport.
	Measure the share of regionally grown food in urban citizens' diet.		By 2030, urban areas with significant storm water pollution issues reduce impervious surface area by 30 per cent below 2012 levels

Goal	Sustainable cities and human settlements [49]	Interlinkages
Targets	Fundamental Urban Patterns
	By 2030, all city-regions have adopted policies aimed at enhancing urban density and halving the current rate of conversion of additional green land for urban development.
	By 2030, secure access to jobs, goods and services within 30 minutes by public transport, walking and/or cycling for nearly all urban households.
	By 2030, develop strategies that consolidate and reinforce existing urban assets in order to preserve and enhance the physical and social assets in cities and to integrate social and cultural infrastructure early in the planning and design of the physical environment.
	By 2030, invest in green infrastructure at the city region scale for social cohesion and community resilience
	By 2030, all city-regions have a tree canopy covering at least 20% of their area meeting the WHOs suggested minimum of 9 square meters open space per resident.
	By 2030, collect cross-sectoral baseline data for all cities with population greater than one million, to understand resource consumption and monitor performance.
	An urban life of dignity for all within planetary boundaries
	By 2030, provide universal access to affordable shelter served by basic, urban public services for urban slum dwellers and public credit schemes for the urban poor to support shelter and livelihoods.
	By 2030, guarantee safe affordable drinking water and basic sanitation to all urban households.
	By 2030, invest in capacity building and skills with a focus on youth and women unemployed or locked into the urban informal economy.
	By 2030, at least halve air pollution from passenger and freight transport, to reach peak global transport GHG emissions by 2020 at the latest, with an ultimate vision of achieving 40-60% reductions by 2050 compared to 2005 levels.
	By 2030, at least halve traffic-related deaths with an ultimate vision of near zero fatalities.
	By 2030, double the total investment in green technologies and ICT applications to adopt community-based data collection systems in order to guide planning and program development for universal access to services, in particular for the urban poor and informal workers.
	By 2030, by 2030 increase by 50% the number of countries with social inclusion policies, following multi-level governance and multi-actor approaches and contributing to the decentralization process.
	Enabling Policies
	By 2030, all city-regions have developed pre-emptive and resilient urban design strategies to compensate for known and unknown crises.
	By 2030, at least 50% of sub-national and local authorities have developed, broadly disseminated and established institutional mechanisms for disaster response plans aimed at minimizing human suffering and rapidly restoring lifeline services.
	By 2030, redirect subsidies to fossil fuel and resource-based industries by 10% per annum towards sustainable economic sectors relevant to each country in order to foster its internal social and territorial cohesion.
	By 2030, promote and empower monitoring systems and peer-reviews among city-region partners revolving around the achievement of the SDGs at the local level, harnessing the work of networks of cities and sub-national and local authorities. Territorial Dimension of other Sustainable Development Policies.
	Territorial Dimension of other Sustainable Development Policies
	By 2030, increase by x% city-regions that have identified, inventoried and completed condition assessments of major ecosystems within their region.
	By 2030, all city-regions undertake vulnerability assessments of current and future climate and other disaster risks, and 50% of city-regions in both developed and developing countries adopt adaptation strategies informed by rigorous vulnerability assessments, that prioritize vulnerable populations and major ecosystem integrity.
	By 2030, integrate non-food and food ecosystem planning at the city-region level in disaster risk management and climate action plans.
	By 2030, adopt multi-level inclusive and transparent governance mechanisms to link urban-rural planning and implementation, empowering fair and inclusive trade for city-region food systems and expanding employment opportunities in the food chain from farm-to-table, for markets of all kinds.
	Governance & Accountability
	By 2030, incorporate participatory mechanisms such as spaces of deliberation, citizen audits, participatory budgeting, and community-based data collection in the strategic planning of cities, ensuring the involvement of the most disadvantaged groups, including slum dwellers.
	Hold all levels of government and governmental agencies accountable against sustainability performance outcomes vis-a-vis the triple bottom line environmental protection, economic development, and social equity and achieve greater coordination between all levels of government and agencies responsible for key public services.
	Across all levels of government, monitor and end discrimination and inequalities based on gender, ethnicity, religion, disability, national origin, and social or other status in public service delivery, the respect for the rule of law, access to justice, and participation in political and economic life.
	Guarantee the participation of sub-national and local authorities in the decision-making spaces of the Global Governance Framework for the post-2015 Development Agenda.

Focus area 14. Promote sustainable consumption and production

SCP is another focus area which cuts across a number of others, such as energy, sustainable agriculture, food security and nutrition, and industrialisation, etc. This seems a likely reason for there being relatively few e-Inventory proposals which put forward standalone goals on the issue. One of the most comprehensive proposals that does, however, has interestingly framed the issue around the topic of environmental justice.

Goal	Sustainable production and consumption patterns [50]	Interlinkages
Targets	From 2015 onwards, the establishment of a key indicator to calculate every country’s natural resource consumption (i.e. Raw Material Consumption [RCM]) or ecological footprint along with a national water, land, and CO2 footprint.
	By 2020, the abolition of environmentally harmful subsidies, in accordance with Aichi Target 3 expressed in the CBD Strategic Plan.
	By 2030, a reform of the tax system where the extraction of certain raw materials and/or the use of specific resources is taxed with an eco-tax that is regularly adjusted to the appropriate, real tax rate, accompanied by a restructuring of the tax system aiming at lower taxes for labour and higher taxes and charges for environmental and resource consumption.
	By 2030, a worldwide implementation of permanent resource recycling, in which the design and manufacture of products follows principles that ensure thriftiness, efficiency, longevity, reusability and recycling; a landfill ban on organic, plastic, and recyclable matter; raising awareness of waste as a resource; as well as a global agreement on waste for the comprehensive collection of secondary raw materials, financed by producers and distributors.
	By 2025, a global ban on plastic bags distributed free of charge and non-deposit plastic bottles paired with the establishment of reusable systems through effective taxation or bans at the national level as well as higher resource efficiency.
	By 2020, a 100% social, ecological, and just public procurement that establishes life cycle costs for a fixed period of time as well as resource conservation as key criteria in procedures and provides transparent and easily accessible information on public procurement process.

Goal	Environmental Justice… (see proposal for full goal title) [51]	Interlinkages
Targets:	Reclaim and secure people’s rights to define, own, control and ensure the sustainability of the commons; promote responsible stewardship of natural resources, such as forests, rivers, watershed, and coastal environments; recognize and promote indigenous peoples resources and traditional knowledge in the sustainable management of natural resources.
	Promote ecological agriculture to guarantee food sovereignty and prevent hunger and its consequences.
	Reorient production, consumption and distribution systems to meet people’s needs rather than to accumulate profits.
	Allocate sufficient resources towards and promote scientific and traditional knowledge for understanding the social and environmental costs and impacts of human activities; popularize this information and enact regulatory measures on this basis.
	Commit to carbon emission reductions and provide new, adequate, predictable, and appropriate climate finance that contributed by countries from public resources on the basis of historical responsibility for climate change, and address the needs of those most affected, including for adaptation and mitigation.
	Promote energy conservation and efficiency; phase out subsidies for the fossil fuel industry while guarding against adverse impacts on low-income and marginalized groups; and promote community-based decentralized renewable energy systems as the main component of a renewable energy transition program.
	Promote technologies for eco-efficiency and work toward elimination of waste; build infrastructure and mechanisms to reduce, recycle and reuse waste; and redesign products to ensure durability and optimum use.
	Ensure resource extraction, such as water use, fishing, logging and mining, is according to the needs of communities and subject to sustainable management, while protecting the rights of fisher folk, small farm holders, indigenous people and women.
	Develop and operationalize legal frameworks to protect livelihoods of poor and marginalized people and avoid environmental disasters, particularly as a result of resource extraction.
	Prepare a new UN protocol to recognize State responsibilities to provide support to climate-displaced populations.
	Develop international mechanisms to address loss and damage caused by climate change, with special attention to its gender-differential impacts.
	Promote the creation of decent jobs with the aim of creating environmentally-sustainable industries, promoting environmental awareness, and protecting against environmental destruction.
	To develop and institutionalize mechanisms to monitor and mitigate the social and environmental impacts of development initiatives.

Focus area 15. Climate

Compared to other focus areas, there are slightly less proposals in the e-Inventory that tackle the issue of climate change, perhaps owing to the fact that a separate intergovernmental process (UNFCCC) exists to specifically address this matter. Nevertheless, those which do discuss climate, tend to do so at the target level rather than through a standalone goal. A small number of specific climate and disaster risk reduction goals have been proposed – the most comprehensive of which are detailed below. As expected, factors associated with the interlinked focus area of means of implementation are frequently listed at the target level.

Standalone Climate Change Goal

Goal	A stand-alone climate goal [52]	Interlinkages
Targets	World stays within two degree target.
	Global GHG emissions reduced by x of 1990 by 2030.
	All countries have reduced carbon intensity of their economies by x relative to 1990 by 2030.
	Number of people vulnerable to climate change impacts reduced by x by 2030.
	Losses of life and livelihoods from climate events reduced by x by 2030.
	All countries have financial and technical capacity to respond to climate change by 2030.

Climate Change Targets

Goal	Environmental sustainability [53]	Interlinkages	Climate change and sustainable development [54]	Interlinkages
Targets	Limit global temperature rise to under 1.5 degrees, consistent with the latest climate science, through drastic emissions cuts and a fair sharing of the global carbon budget that takes into account historical emissions without resorting to offsets.		Need to put into place enablers that shield local populations from the harmful effects of climate change, and development policies that respect the rights of the people including indigenous communities and that companies respect the welfare of local communities.
	Provide adequate and appropriate finance contributed by countries on the basis of historical responsibility for global warming to make reparations to all affected peoples (in line with the $100 billion per year promised in the 2010 Cancun Agreements).		Developed countries should commit to obligatory, additional, non-debt creating public finance to cover the full cost of adaptations to climate change.
	Ensure sharing of safe, appropriate, ecologically and socially sound technologies unhindered by intellectual property rights.		Governments and international agencies should also develop appropriate mechanisms to prevent disasters and develop resilience strategies.
	Shift to and expand renewable energy use.		The responses to water shortages/scarcity need to be emphasized especially in context of the dependence on agriculture in most Asian countries.
	Adopt ecologically and socially sustainable production systems and technologies in manufacturing, agriculture, transportation, and mining.		Growing and changing populations and impending food security challenges must be interlinked and addressed in the new framework.
	Arrest deforestation, overfishing, biodiversity loss, environmental degradation, pollution and protect livelihoods of forest-dwellers and fishers.		The framework should restructure production and consumption patterns in both advanced and developing countries in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Disaster Risk Reduction

Goal	By 2030 we will build disaster-resilient societies [55]	Interlinkages	Reinforcing community resilience to disasters and ability to adapt to climate change [56]	Interlinkages
Targets	Nations to halve disaster mortality rates.		Existence of a well-functioning early warning system.
	Nations to halve disaster related economic loss.		Local capacity for prevention and management of disasters.
	All nations to develop a national disaster risk reduction and resilience plan by 2020.		Existence of infrastructure for the reduction and mitigation of disaster risks.

Focus area 16. Conservation and sustainable use of marine resources, oceans and seas

Some of the most concrete commitments made by Member States at Rio+20 were on the sustainable use of oceans. Many of the specific issues that these commitments addressed, such as marine litter, fisheries and biodiversity, and governance of the high seas, have been picked up by proposals in the e-Inventory. Several proposals use ocean health as an umbrella term to frame the multiple factors considered necessary to facilitate the sustainable use of seas and safeguard their ecosystems. With many targets referring to moratoriums and new legal mechanisms, governance and the rule of law (19) can be considered an important interlinked focus area.

Goal	Ensure the health, protection, and preservation of oceans, seas, and marine ecosystems [57]	Interlinkages	Healthy Oceans [58]	Interlinkages
Targets	Establish a representative network of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) covering 20-30% of the ocean’s area.		By 2025, a significant reduction of the processes, particularly due to climate change, causing marine acidification; and by 2030, an absolute stop of its harmful impacts, with the guideline that the pH of surface waters in any larger ocean region (nor in the global mean) should not drop more than 0.2 units below the pre-industrial average value.
	Enact a moratorium on all fish stocks that are overfished, no longer resilient or in decline.		By 2030, a moratorium on ore mining in the deep sea with only select few trials supervised by the International Seabed Authority allowed and an appropriate framework implemented until then.
	Establish and implement an agreement concerning the protection of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction.		By 2020, a reduction of marine waste pollution by 50%; a reduction of nutrient contamination by 50% compared to levels from 1985; and a ban on heavy fuel oil in shipping.
			By 2020, a ban on the extraction of energy resources from the deep sea and the arctic; by 2025, a complete stop of deep sea and arctic oil exploration; and an immediate ban on methane extraction and on CO2 sequestration in the deep sea.

Goal	Healthy seas and oceans (blue economy)[59]	Interlinkages	A sustainable development goal for the ocean and coasts [60]	Interlinkages
Targets	By 2020, consistent with the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity, Governments establish at least 10 per cent coastal and marine areas. By 2030, oceanic dead zones are recovered by reducing nitrogen runoff from land by 50 per cent or more. By 2020, marine protected areas are established in at least 25 per cent of each exclusive economic zone and the high seas in representative networks capable of restoring minimum viable populations of all at-risk stocks, protecting marine biological diversity, and maximizing benefits to commercial and subsistence fishers in surrounding waters.		Secure blue wealth by ensuring a healthy and productive marine environment with all basic provisioning, support, regulation, and cultural services.
			Provide equitable access to ocean resources, and ensure that neither pollution nor the harvesting and extraction of animate and inanimate resources impair the basic functions of the ecosystem.
	Reduce plastic pollution in the oceans, including by banning or taxing single-use plastics, supporting the use of recycled plastics in new products and holding manufacturers responsible for plastics through their entire life cycle.		Facilitate the development of sustainable and resilient coastal communities.
	Establish an international monitoring network for ocean acidification to enable the identification of vulnerable regions and industries and to provide an early warning system for industries already experiencing harm.		Harmonize national and regional maritime policies, and encourage cooperation in coastal and global marine spatial planning.
	Designate the high seas of the Central Arctic Ocean as a zone for international scientific cooperation, where extractive and polluting activities are suspended until we have a better understanding of the area and the potential effects of such activities.
	Schedule, as a matter of urgency, an intergovernmental conference to address the multiplying threats to ocean areas beyond the jurisdiction of individual nations.

Focus area 17. Ecosystems and biodiversity

Proposals in the e-Inventory which address this focus area tend to put forward standalone goals which either broadly address the multiple interrelated issues associated with ecosystems and biodiversity, or focus on a specific interrelated issue such as forests. A number of proposals reference the UN Convention on Biological Diversity’s 2011 – 2020 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity, which include the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. This would suggest that this plan and affiliated targets would need to be the starting point for any new global goal on this focus area.

Broad Ecosystems and Biodiversity Goals

Goal	Preserve biodiversity including keeping land and oceans healthy [61]	Interlinkages	Encourage the self-regulation processes of ecosystems [62]	Interlinkages
Targets	By 2015, Governments should integrate education for sustainable development more actively.		Curtailment of clear cutting of tropical and boreal forests as well as draining of wetlands.
	By 2015, Governments should intensify their actions to fulfil their commitments in the Biodiversity Strategic Plan.		Preservation, increased attention, and monitoring of aquatic ecosystems.
	Seas: By 2020, reduce by two-thirds, plastic pollution in the seas.		Development of domestic regulations as well as international agreements and treaties to protect glacier regions (Arctic, Antarctic, Himalayan and others) from economic exploitation.
	Forests : By 2020, all remaining virgin forests are protected from conversion and degradation, consistent with the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity
	By 2020, policies to stop the clearing of forests should be put in place at the global and national levels.		Protection of sensitive areas requiring their safeguarding by the public and through internationally binding law.
	The restoration of over 150 million hectares of cleared or degraded forest landscapes is achieved by 2020, with the creation of millions of new jobs and enhanced livelihoods, improved security and adaptation to climate change.		Advancement of organic farming to further develop sustainable agriculture.
	Extraction: By 2020, States will have implemented the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples with special attention to free, prior, and informed consent.		Worldwide banishment of discharge of untreated sewage and other waste materials into natural ecosystems.
	Cities: By 2030, city transport needs are or remain predominantly met by mass transport, walking and bicycling.

Forests

Goal	Halting deforestation and forest degradation [63]	Interlinkages	Supporting the sustainable management of natural resources and ecosystems by sharing good practices [64]	Interlinkages
Targets	At least halve the loss of forests and where feasible brought close to zero.		Existence of local mechanisms for the management of natural resources.
	Significantly reduce degradation and fragmentation and manage forests sustainably, ensuring conservation of biodiversity.		Growth in the rate of the adoption of practices for the sustainable management of natural resources.
	Restore 15 percent of currently degraded ecosystems, which includes forests.		Fair access to natural resources.
			Legislation favourable to the wise use of natural resources.

Culture

Goal	Culture as one of the pillars of sustainable development [65]	Interlinkages
Targets	Ensure the protection of the natural resources, environment and habitat.
	Achieve reduction of poverty especially among marginalized sectors such as the Indigenous Peoples and youth.
	Reduce environmental hazards to indigenous territories and the whole of society.
	Natural resources are used and distributed appropriately.
	Indigenous Peoples and youth have equal access to basic but quality social services such as education, health, housing and employment.
	Destructive projects such as extractive (large scale mining) and energy (mega dam construction, bio fuels) projects are haulted.

Focus area 18. Means of implementation/Global partnership for sustainable development

As one of the most wide-ranging focus areas, means of implementation (MoI) and global partnership are issues addressed by a large proportion of proposals within the e-Inventory. These proposals can in general be split into three broad groups according to the sub-categories which they focus upon: global partnership; financial systems and resources for sustainable development; and capacity building. Given the interlinked nature of these sub-categories, however, there is a fair amount of overlap between different proposals at the target level.

Global Partnership

Goal	Increase partnership for sustainable development [66]	Interlinkages	Strengthen international environmental governance, eco-partnerships for technology development, innovation, and sustainability [67]	Interlinkages
Targets	By 2020, Governments will implement measures that assure an inclusive partnership relationship with civil society and the private sector to bring about the commitments made at Rio +20.
	National and local Governments will work in partnership with civil society, NGOs, labour unions and businesses to make decisions.		In cooperation with the private sector, make available benefits of new technologies, especially ICTs.
	Where the present economy brings about inequalities, destruction and greed, it should be replaced by an economy of care for human rights and the planet.
	By 2022, Governments will adopt and implement laws which guarantee effective access to administrative and judicial procedures linked to sustainable development especially regarding reparation and compensation for damages.		Increase levels of donor aid to the United Nations target of 0.7% of gross national income.
	By 2025 Governments will develop and implement multilateral systems of trade and finance which are open, rule-based, predictable and non-discriminatory.
	These systems will pay particular attention to the least developed countries, land-locked countries and small island developing states.		Increase the adoption of clean technologies in developing countries.
	By 2025, Governments will deal on a world-wide level with the problem of debt in developing countries using national and international measures to ensure long-term debt sustainability.

Financial Systems and Resources for Sustainable Development

Goal	Foster Fair and Resilient Financial Systems [68]	Interlinkages	Tax Justice at the heart of post-2015 [69]	Interlinkages
Targets	Macroeconomic imbalances.		Tax Justice Network (TJN) working to link tax revenue as an important link for economic development in developing countries has suggested that the new global framework should challenge the malpractices that deny developing countries their duly owed tax revenue.
	Global currency mechanism to prevent volatile fluctuations and competitive
	Illicit financial flows.
	Transparency of financial flows.
	Debt sustainability.		They call for global governance including an internationally agreed framework on corporate reporting and exchange of tax information, transparency at global and national levels.
	Environmentally and socially harmful subsidies.
	Harmful tax competition.
	Total economic valuation of Foreign Direct Investment and TNC activities.		They call for increased accountability through the tax system rather than aid and that tax justice should be at the heart of the new post-2015.
	Participatory and gender budgets.

Capacity Building

Goal	Introduce people living in poverty as a new partner in building knowledge on development [70]	Interlinkages
Targets	Create cooperation and new forms of shared knowledge between people living in poverty and mainstream society.
	Join forces with academics, professionals and policy-makers to increase their involvement on a regular basis in processes of pooling knowledge with people living in poverty.
	Create reporting mechanisms in cooperation with impoverished communities.
	Create cooperation and new forms of shared knowledge between developed and developing countries.
	Improve and expand qualitative knowledge and measures on development, discrimination, empowerment and participation with people in poverty.

Focus area 19. Peaceful and non-violent societies, rule of law and capable institutions

There is a diverse selection of proposals in the e-Inventory which address this focus area, owing in part to the fact that it cuts across a broad range of issues. Only a small number of proposals attempt to address its multiple elements under a single goal, with most proposals instead focusing on a particular sub-theme (albeit with some overlap at the target level). Broadly speaking, these are: human rights, rule of law and justice; peace and non-violence; and participation and access to information. Some proposals which call for the creation of an enabling environment for public participation and civic engagement reference targets from the WSIS ICT Indicators, which could be useful starting point when exploring how to address this specific governance issue in the goals framework.

Human Rights, Rule of Law and Justice

Goal	Access to justice [71]	Interlinkages	Good Governance and human rights [72]	Interlinkages
Targets	Ensure accessible, well- resourced, impartial, independent and accountable justice systems.		Build functional systems and structures that guarantee stability and transparency in all countries.
	Ensuring access to a plurality of justice services looking at both supply and demand side.		Foster a fair legal environment that ensures the respect and promotion of human rights of all people. Africa is a highly volatile region –threats, intimidation and arrests are happening in many countries. People should be given the freedom to participate freely in the democratic processes, and make independent judgments and decisions.
	Accessible (geographical; cost; socio-cultural/multi- cultural; etc.), independent justice systems that respect due process rights/human rights (also efficiency/ expeditiousness, equality, transparency).
	Improve the capacity, professionalism, and accountability, of law enforcement and justice institutions.		Ensure that political leaders at all levels are accountable to their citizens, and to each other, if they do not respect the commitments they have assumed under the post-2015 framework.
	Ensure access to security and justice institutions that are professional, accountable and show integrity.		Strengthen and build strong institutions and law enforcement agencies to tackle the menace of corruption and impunity.
	Ensure justice systems are accessible to women.		Be inclusive (especially of marginalised groups including women, youth, persons with disabilities, and others) to ensure better living conditions for populations.
	Ensure that justice systems are accessible to ethnic groups.
	Ensure that rulings take on gender and ethnic perspectives		Strengthen the democratic participation of people in integrating the fight against violence and the fight against gender discrimination.
Goal	Build sustainable peace based on transparency [73]			Interlinkages
Targets	Eliminate sources of conflicts (ethnic, cross-border, community-based, religious.....) by 2035
	Eliminate imprisonment for beliefs or convictions by 2035
	Fully secure a civil state by 2035
	Reduce all forms of corruption by at least 90 per cent by 2035
	Ensure free participation of all opposition forces by 2035

Peace and Non-Violence

Goal	Building Peace through Disarmament [74]	Interlinkages	Ensure stable and peaceful societies [75]	Interlinkages	Peace and security [76]	Interlinkages
Targets	Abolition of nuclear weapons.		Reduce violent deaths per 100,000.		Broad-based processes for conflict resolution and reconciliation build on women’s grassroots peacebuilding efforts and address gender-related inequalities and insecurities.
	Reduction of production and trade of arms (including small weapons).		Reduce the number of people and groups affected by armed conflict and violence.		Improved behaviour, effectiveness and accountability of formal and informal security actors, particularly in relation to the protection of women.
	Reduction of military expenditures.		Enhance the capacity, professionalism and accountability of security, police and justice institutions.		Full and meaningful participation of communities, including women leaders and networks, in shaping security priorities and provision.
					Particular attention to the gender-specific security needs and vulnerabilities of women and girls.
					The political settlement is broadened beyond an elite settlement to become a societal compact, which includes women and addresses gender issues

Participation and Access to Information

Goal	Open, inclusive, accountable and effective governance [77]	Interlinkages	A standalone goal on open information [78]	Interlinkages
Targets	Enable all people and public bodies to obtain detailed and reliable information on sustainable development in a timely and accessible manner: in particular, information about what resources are available, how they are raised and spent and what results they contribute to.		Right to information enshrined in legislation [inc. overruling of previous regressive legislation.
			Detailed and timely government revenue, budget, and spending information is made publicly available to a common open standard.
	Curb corruption and illicit financial flows, which drain away huge sums in much-needed funds.		Open contracting and company registry data to provide detailed information on entitlements and government services made available online.
	Enhance the effectiveness of public institutions in curbing poverty and promoting sustainable development and maximise their accountability for the use of public resources.		Private sector disclosure of payments made to the government, such as tax and royalty payments.
	Ensure public backing for efforts to curb poverty and inequality by enabling participation of all people in the design, delivery and monitoring of policy, without exclusion or discrimination, and by ensuring rights of free speech, assembly and access to information.		Investment in statistical capacity and public reporting.
			Universal access to mobile phone and broadband coverage.
	Enhance the accountability and positive impacts of business by ensuring full disclosure of relationships between corporations and states and requiring corporations to report to a consistent standard on their impacts on the environment, society and human rights.

More information

For further information, to search existing proposals, or to submit your vision for new global goals visit: www.sdgseinventory.org or contact Jack Cornforth – jcornforth@stakeholderforum.org.

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