The reform of harmful subsidies is also essential in achieving a transition toward sustainable consumption and production patterns.

If conditions for its implementation are created, this reform can not only reduce pressure on biodiversity, but also free up the resources required for a redeployment of incentives in favour of biodiversity in the form of eco conditionality of subsidies or remuneration for environmental services.

Above and beyond the requisite compensation for the redistributive effects of subsidies reform, its effect in favor of more sustainable practices may allow for the re-allocation of part of the freed-up resources to biodiversity – a double dividend.