In the case of Spain, eID is the central building block for their transformation of the public  administration. But there is also a need for the different eID solutions to works across borders, otherwise we put up barriers to the Digital Single Market. The European eID map is very fragmented and heterogeneous. The EU-funded STORK project is working towards this goal, to develop an interoperability layer which will allow all citizens in the EU to access on-line public services in other MS. The audience also heard how eID impacts on a particular sector, in this case Justice, and how continuous cooperation at EU level is essential.