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| Increased risk of Type 2 diabetes What1 #352351 Obesity substantially raises the risk of Type 2 diabetes—with excess body fat estimated to underlie almost two-thirds of cases of diabetes in men and three quarters of cases in women—and people at risk of diabetes can cut their chances of getting diabetes by 60% if they lose between 5% and 7% of their body weight. Worldwide, the number of people with diabetes has tripled since 1985. [2] | Prevalence: Being overweight or obese is the main modifiable risk factor for type 2 diabetes. In England, obese adults are five times more likely to be diagnosed with diabetes than adults of a healthy weight. Currently 90% of adults with type 2 diabetes are overweight or obese. People with severe obesity are at greater risk of type 2 diabetes than obese people with a lower BMI. Health impact: People with diabetes are at a greater risk of a range of chronic health conditions including cardiovascular disease, blindness, amputation, kidney disease and depression than people without diabetes. Diabetes leads to a two-fold excess risk for cardiovascular disease, and diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of preventable sight loss among people of working age in England and Wales. Diabetes is a major cause of premature mortality with around 23,300 additional deaths in 2010-11 in England attributed to the disease. Economic impact: It is estimated that in 2010-11 the cost of direct patient care (such as treatment, intervention and complications) for those living with type 2 diabetes in the UK was £8.8 billion and the indirect costs (such productivity loss due to increased death and illness and the need for informal care) were approximately £13 billion. Prescribing for diabetes accounted for 9.3% of the total cost of prescribing in England in 2012-13. Type 2 diabetes - The underlying disorder for type 2 diabetes is usually insulin insensitivity combined with a failure of pancreatic insulin secretion to compensate for increased glucose levels. The insulin insensitivity is usually evidenced by excess body weight or obesity, and exacerbated by over-eating and inactivity.
- It is commonly associated with raised blood pressure and a disturbance of blood lipid levels. The insulin deficiency is progressive over time, leading to a need for lifestyle change often combined with blood glucose lowering therapy.
- Factors which influence someone's risk of type 2 diabetes include: weight, waist circumference, age, physical activity and whether or not they have a family history of type 2 diabetes.
- Particular conditions can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. These include: cardiovascular disease, hypertension, obesity, stroke, polycystic ovary syndrome, a history of gestational diabetes and mental health problems. In addition, people with learning disabilities and those attending accident and emergency, emergency medical admissions units, vascular and renal surgery units and ophthalmology departments may be at high risk.
- In addition to these individual risk factors, people from certain communities and population groups are particularly at risk. This includes people of South Asian, African-Caribbean, black African and Chinese descent and those from lower socioeconomic groups.
Metabolic Syndrome - Metabolic syndrome is a combination of disorders including high blood glucose, high blood pressure and high cholesterol and triglyderide levels, that is more common in obese individuals and is associated with significant risks of coronary heart disease and Type 2 diabetes. There is also a greater risk of dyslipidemia (for example, high total cholesterol or high levels of triglycerides), which also contributes to the risk of circulatory disease by speeding up atherosclerosis (fatty changes to the linings of the arteries).
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+Citations (6) - CitationsAdd new citationList by: CiterankMapLink[1] Economic Consequences of the Obese
Author: C. Ford Runge
Publication info: 2007 November, Diabetes November 2007 vol. 56 no. 11 2668-2672
Cited by: David Price 5:09 PM 5 September 2014 GMT
Citerank: (3) 366990What costs should be included in the financial analysis?What cost factors should be included in the assessment of the overall financial impact of obesity on the UK economy?8FFB597, 399980What costs should be included in the financial analysis?What cost factors should be included in the assessment of the overall financial impact of obesity on the UK economy?8FFB597, 399987Increased risk of Type 2 diabetes Obesity substantially raises the risk of Type 2 diabetes—with excess body fat estimated to underly almost two-thirds of cases of diabetes in men and three quarters of cases in women—and people at risk of diabetes can cut their chances of getting diabetes by 60% if they lose between 5% and 7% of their body weight. Worldwide, the number of people with diabetes has tripled since 1985.57DE7179
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| | Excerpt / Summary The private and social costs of obesity have many causes, and their consequences can be grimly predicted with only rough accuracy. Among the most devastating is the increased incidence of diabetes, of which 60% can be directly attributed to weight gain. There are now about one billion people worldwide who are overweight or obese, compared with 850 million who are chronically underweight. It is estimated that the number of people worldwide with diabetes will increase from 175 million in 2000 to 353 million in 2030, with India and China together accounting for 24% of the total in 2050. Obesity and its economic costs are borne on three levels. At an individual level, obesity imposes costs by limiting personal opportunity in many ways, only some of which can be quantified. In the workplace (assuming the obese are employed, which they may not be, due in part to their condition), costs are borne by employers due to lost productivity, absences, underperformance, and higher insurance premia, which in the aggregate are quite large. Finally, obesity affects expenditures by local, state, and national governments, where programs compensate for or cover some of the private and workforce costs of illness and unemployment. |
Link[3] Health risks of adult obesity
Author: Public Health England – Obesity
Cited by: David Price 9:34 PM 7 December 2014 GMT
Citerank: (21) 348776A profound impact on the health of the populationObesity is responsible for more than 9,000 premature deaths each year in England, reduces life expectancy on average by nine years, and is a major risk factor in wide range of serious health problems including Type 2 diabetes (5 x), cancer (3 x the risk of colon cancer), and heart disease (2.5 x).57DE7179, 351181Increased risk of several cancersThe risk of several cancers is higher in obese people, including endometrial, breast and colon cancers. BMI is associated with cancer risk, with substantial population-level effects (although the heterogeneity in the effects suggests that different mechanisms are associated with different cancer sites and different patient subgroups).57DE7179, 352344Increased risk of musculoskeletal disabilityRaised body weight puts strain on the body's joints, especially the knees, increasing the risk of osteoarthritis (degeneration of cartilage and underlying bone within a joint). There is also an increased risk of low back pain.57DE7179, 352349Increased risk of heart diseaseRaised BMI increases the risk of hypertension (high blood pressure), which is itself a risk factor for coronary heart disease and stroke and can contribute to other conditions such as renal failure. The risk of coronary heart disease (including heart attacks and heart failure) and stroke are both substantially increased. Risks of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are also increased.57DE7179, 352353Increased risk of reproductive and urological problemsObesity is associated with greater risk of stress incontinence in women. Obese women are at greater risk of menstrual abnormalities, polycystic ovarian syndrome and infertility. Obese men are at higher risk of erectile dysfunction. Maternal obesity is associated with health risks for both the mother and the child and after pregnancy.57DE7179, 352354Increased risk of sleep apnoea and asthmaOverweight and obese people are at increased risk of sleep apnoea (interruptions to breathing while asleep) and other respiratory problems such as asthma.57DE7179, 352355Increased risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver diseaseThe term ‘non-alcoholic fatty liver disease’ (NAFLD) refers to a range of conditions resulting from the accumulation of fat in cells inside the liver. It is one of the commonest forms of liver disease in the UK. If left untreated, it may progress to severe forms such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis and cirrhosis. It has also been linked to liver cancer. 57DE7179, 352356Increased risk of gastrointestinal diseaseObesity is associated with: increased risk of gastro-oesophageal reflux and increased risk of gall stones.57DE7179, 352357Increased risk of psychological and social problemsThere are bi-directional associations between mental health problems and obesity, with levels of obesity, gender, age and socioeconomic status being key risk factors. Overweight and obese people can suffer from stress, low self-esteem, social disadvantage, depression and reduced libido.57DE7179, 3523581 in 5 UK children aged 10-11 are obeseThe National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP) figures for 2013/14, show that 19.1% of children in Year 6 (aged 10-11) were obese and a further 14.4% were overweight. Obese children and adolescents are at an increased risk of developing various health problems—such as asthma, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes (as well as low self-esteem and depression)—and are also more likely to become obese adults.648CC79C, 399974A profound impact on the health of the populationObesity is responsible for more than 9,000 premature deaths each year in England, reduces life expectancy on average by nine years, and is a major risk factor in wide range of serious health problems including Type 2 diabetes (5 x), cancer (3 x the risk of colon cancer), and heart disease (2.5 x).57DE7179, 3999751 in 5 UK children aged 10-11 are obeseThe National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP) figures for 2013/14, show that 19.1% of children in Year 6 (aged 10-11) were obese and a further 14.4% were overweight. Obese children and adolescents are at an increased risk of developing various health problems—such as asthma, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes (as well as low self-esteem and depression)—and are also more likely to become obese adults.648CC79C, 399983Increased risk of several cancersThe risk of several cancers is higher in obese people, including endometrial, breast and colon cancers. BMI is associated with cancer risk, with substantial population-level effects (although the heterogeneity in the effects suggests that different mechanisms are associated with different cancer sites and different patient subgroups).57DE7179, 399985Increased risk of musculoskeletal disabilityRaised body weight puts strain on the body's joints, especially the knees, increasing the risk of osteoarthritis (degeneration of cartilage and underlying bone within a joint). There is also an increased risk of low back pain.57DE7179, 399986Increased risk of heart diseaseRaised BMI increases the risk of hypertension (high blood pressure), which is itself a risk factor for coronary heart disease and stroke and can contribute to other conditions such as renal failure. The risk of coronary heart disease (including heart attacks and heart failure) and stroke are both substantially increased. Risks of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are also increased.57DE7179, 399987Increased risk of Type 2 diabetes Obesity substantially raises the risk of Type 2 diabetes—with excess body fat estimated to underly almost two-thirds of cases of diabetes in men and three quarters of cases in women—and people at risk of diabetes can cut their chances of getting diabetes by 60% if they lose between 5% and 7% of their body weight. Worldwide, the number of people with diabetes has tripled since 1985.57DE7179, 399988Increased risk of reproductive and urological problemsObesity is associated with greater risk of stress incontinence in women. Obese women are at greater risk of menstrual abnormalities, polycystic ovarian syndrome and infertility. Obese men are at higher risk of erectile dysfunction. Maternal obesity is associated with health risks for both the mother and the child and after pregnancy.57DE7179, 399989Increased risk of sleep apnoea and asthmaOverweight and obese people are at increased risk of sleep apnoea (interruptions to breathing while asleep) and other respiratory problems such as asthma.57DE7179, 399990Increased risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver diseaseThe term ‘non-alcoholic fatty liver disease’ (NAFLD) refers to a range of conditions resulting from the accumulation of fat in cells inside the liver. It is one of the commonest forms of liver disease in the UK. If left untreated, it may progress to severe forms such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis and cirrhosis. It has also been linked to liver cancer. 57DE7179, 399991Increased risk of gastrointestinal diseaseObesity is associated with: increased risk of gastro-oesophageal reflux and increased risk of gall stones.57DE7179, 399992Increased risk of psychological and social problemsThere are bi-directional associations between mental health problems and obesity, with levels of obesity, gender, age and socioeconomic status being key risk factors. Overweight and obese people can suffer from stress, low self-esteem, social disadvantage, depression and reduced libido.57DE7179 URL:
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Link[4] Obesity: Guidance on the prevention of overweight and obesity in adults and children
Author: NICE - CG43
Cited by: David Price 11:21 AM 21 December 2014 GMT
Citerank: (31) 352718Invest in employee health and wellbeingEncourage organisations to invest employee health and wellbeing; including a health risk assessment and the provision of resources to help employees address the factors that pose the greatest risk to their health and wellness. [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]565CA4D9, 369907NICE Guidance on Diet, Nutrition and ObesityNote: extended excerpts from National Institute for Health and Care Excellence are included and cross-linked here to help explore and understand their intersection with the policy space and their implications. Those seeking specific guidance should refer to the full Guidelines and Pathways directly.565CA4D9, 369908NICE – DietHaving a healthy balanced diet helps prevent obesity, cardiovascular and many other conditions. This pathway covers recommendations for everyone about diet and lifestyle, and recommendations for health professionals on interventions to encourage people to follow a healthy diet.565CA4D9, 369909NICE – Lifestyle weight management for overweight or obese adultsLocal authorities, working with other local service providers, clinical commissioning groups and health and wellbeing boards, should ensure there is an integrated approach to preventing and managing obesity and its associated conditions.565CA4D9, 369912NICE – ObesityGuidelines on preventing and managing obesity.565CA4D9, 369913NICE – Obesity working with local communitiesThis pathway focuses on an overarching approach to overweight and obese adults and overweight and obese children in local communities. It focuses on the importance of integrating action on obesity in other local agendas (such as initiatives to prevent type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancers, or initiatives to improve the environment and promote sustainability), and provides an organisational framework for the relevant community-based or individual interventions.565CA4D9, 369921NICE – Keeping track of weightEveryone should aim to maintain or achieve a healthy weight, to improve their health and reduce the risk of diseases associated with being overweight and obese, such as coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis and some cancers. Periodically check your weight, waist measurement or a simple alternative, such as the fit of your clothes.565CA4D9, 369923NICE – Diet to maintain a healthy weightBalancing 'calories in' (from food and drink) and 'calories out' (from being physically active) may help to maintain a healthy weight.565CA4D9, 369924NICE – Activity to maintain a healthy weightBalancing 'calories in' (from food and drink) and 'calories out' (from being physically active) may help to maintain a healthy weight.565CA4D9, 369925 NICE – Additional advice for parents and carersIn addition to the general recommendations on behaviours to maintain a healthy weight, the advice below will help children establish healthy behaviours and maintain or work towards a healthy weight. These strategies may have other benefits – for example, monitoring the amount of time children spend watching television may help reduce their exposure to inappropriate programmes or advertisements.565CA4D9, 369926NICE – Advice for adults who wish to lose weightSee also the NICE guidance on diet and activity to maintain a healthy weight.565CA4D9, 369928NICE – Local authority environmental interventions565CA4D9, 369929NICE – Healthcare professional interventionsInterventions by healthcare professional to address obesity.565CA4D9, 369931NICE – Interventions to support smoking cessation All interventions to support smoking cessation should: ensure people are given information on services that provide advice on prevention and management of obesity if appropriate?, and give people who are concerned about their weight general advice on long-term weight management, in particular encouraging increased physical activity.565CA4D9, 369934NICE – Workplace interventionsAll workplaces, particularly large organisations such as the NHS and local authorities should address the prevention and management of obesity, because of the considerable impact on the health of the workforce and associated costs to industry. 565CA4D9, 369937Local authorities and the NHS as employersLocal authorities and the NHS as employers should set an example in developing public health policies to prevent and manage obesity by following existing guidance and (in England) the local obesity strategy.565CA4D9, 369941NICE – School interventions565CA4D9, 370053Standards for take-aways and other food outletsFood from take-aways and other outlets (the 'informal eating out sector') comprises a significant part of many people's diet. Local planning authorities have powers to control fast-food outlets565CA4D9, 370058Supporting people who are stopping smokingAll interventions to support smoking cessation should: (1) ensure people are given information on services that provide advice on prevention and management of obesity, and (2) if appropriate give people who are concerned about their weight general advice on long-term weight management, in particular encouraging increased physical activity.565CA4D9, 370062Lifestyle advice on diet & physical activity for families and children565CA4D9, 370063Diet in early years education and childcareHelp children and young people to have a healthy diet and lifestyle. This includes helping them to develop positive, life-long habits in relation to food. This can be achieved by ensuring the messages conveyed about food, the food and drink available – and where it is consumed – is conducive to a healthy diet.565CA4D9, 370074Training for programme for lifestyle weight management services staff 565CA4D9, 370163Primary Care565CA4D9, 370164Community based programmes and interventions565CA4D9, 370177Training for health and other professionals565CA4D9, 370560Clinical Commissioning GroupsClinical commissioning groups (CCGs) are responsible for commissioning a range of healthcare services for children and adults. This includes specialist obesity services (sometimes called tier 3 services). The groups do not directly commission lifestyle weight management services (sometimes called tier 2 services). Rather, they work with local authorities to coordinate and integrate planning and commissioning through the health and wellbeing board.58D3ABAB, 370918NICE – Interventions to increase physical activity565CA4D9, 370963NICE – Preschool Interventions565CA4D9, 371184NICE – Physical activity in the workplacePhysical activity programmes in the workplace including active travel.565CA4D9, 399548Invest in employee health and wellbeingEncourage organisations to invest employee health and wellbeing; including a health risk assessment and the provision of resources to help employees address the factors that pose the greatest risk to their health and wellness. [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]565CA4D9, 399987Increased risk of Type 2 diabetes Obesity substantially raises the risk of Type 2 diabetes—with excess body fat estimated to underly almost two-thirds of cases of diabetes in men and three quarters of cases in women—and people at risk of diabetes can cut their chances of getting diabetes by 60% if they lose between 5% and 7% of their body weight. Worldwide, the number of people with diabetes has tripled since 1985.57DE7179 URL: |
Link[6] NHS England’s action on obesity
Author: NHS England
Publication info: 2014 December, 26
Cited by: David Price 10:58 AM 27 December 2014 GMT
Citerank: (4) 3669061 in 4 UK adults are obese24.7 per cent of British adults are obese (compared with an average of 16.7 per cent in the rest of Europe) [1], [2] – and one out of four men (24.7%) and one of four women (24.9%) is obese in England. [4], [5]648CC79C, 370567NHS EnglandNHS England is an executive non-departmental public body of the Department of Health. NHS England oversees the budget, planning, delivery and day-to-day operation of the commissioning side of the NHS in England as set out in the Health and Social Care Act 2012. It holds the contracts for GPs and NHS dentists, and commissions primary care, clinical and specialised services.58D3ABAB, 3999761 in 4 UK adults are obese24.7 per cent of British adults are obese (compared with an average of 16.7 per cent in the rest of Europe). [1] [2]648CC79C, 399987Increased risk of Type 2 diabetes Obesity substantially raises the risk of Type 2 diabetes—with excess body fat estimated to underly almost two-thirds of cases of diabetes in men and three quarters of cases in women—and people at risk of diabetes can cut their chances of getting diabetes by 60% if they lose between 5% and 7% of their body weight. Worldwide, the number of people with diabetes has tripled since 1985.57DE7179
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