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Atoms and Composite Particles
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Explain
⌅
The Infinite Passport Glossary
The Infinite Passport Glossary☜Translated from the Passeport pour les deux infinis, IN2P3/Dunod, https://pass2i.ijclab.in2p3.fr/ (French); updated with ICHEP2024 conference (https://ichep2024.org) for IPPOG☜F1CEB7
⌃
Matter Constituents
Matter Constituents☜Large groups of atoms or molecules form the bulk matter of everyday life. Depending on temperature and other conditions, matter may appear in any of several states: solids, liquids, gases, and plasmas. At the most fundamental level, however, matter is composed of elementary particles known as quarks and leptons. ☜FFB597
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Atoms and Composite Particles
Atoms and Composite Particles☜☜9FDDBE
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Atom
Atom☜Fundamental component of matter. Electrically neutral, the atom is formed by a positively charged nucleus containing protons and neutrons, around which electrons orbit in a number equal to the number of protons. The atoms stability stems from the forces governing these particles and their interactions. Atoms combine into molecules and form the basis of chemistry.☜D3ABAB
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Hadrons
Hadrons☜Hadrons are composite particles that contain quarks and/or antiquarks, bound together by gluons. Those made up of three quarks, each of a different colour, are called baryons. The nucleus components, protons and neutrons, are baryons. Those formed by a quark of a given colour and an antiquark of the associated anticolour are called mesons.Other hadrons of different compositions, called exotic hadrons, have been recently discovered: tetraquarks and pentaquarks.☜D3ABAB
↳
Neutron
Neutron☜A subatomic particle made of 2 down quarks and 1 up quark. It has a neutral electric charge and its mass equals 939 MeV/c2. The neutron decays after fifteen minutes, on average, when the particle is isolated. However, it is stable when found in atomic nuclei, together with protons.☜00CFE4
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Proton
Proton☜A subatomic particle carrying an elementary electric charge. It is made up of two up quarks and one down quark, which are bound together by the strong interaction. The proton is a stable particle forming the basis of atomic nuclei.☜00CFE4
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Einstein's formula E=mc2
Einstein's formula E=mc2☜Einsteins famous formulae associates the mass, M, and the invariant energy, E, of a particle: E=Mc2, where c is the light speed in vacuum. As simple as the expression may be, the equation has profound consequences. First, mass is only a specific form of energy and can be expressed in energy units; then, the mass-energy equivalence means that, theoretically, one substance can be produced from the other. Given the high value of the c2 factor, mass contains a tremendous amount of energy.☜59C6EF
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Elementary Particle
Elementary Particle☜A particle with no internal structure, which makes up all the other composite particles: it is indivisible, its properties do not reflect the existence of any simpler object that it might contain. The elementary status of a particle can be questioned at any time, as it depends on the precision of the experiments. As science progressed, the atom, then the nucleus, then the protons/neutrons were first considered as elementary. Today, quarks seem to be. But for how long ?☜59C6EF
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Antimatter Studies
Antimatter Studies☜The mirror image of the matter which forms almost all of the observable Universe. Just as matter is composed of particles, antimatter is composed of antiparticles. ☜9FDDBE
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Conservation Laws
Conservation Laws☜Conservation laws are critical to an understanding of particle physics. Strong evidence exists that energy, momentum, and angular momentum are all conserved in all particle interactions. Just as electric charge is conserved in all electrostatic phenomena, the charges associated to other interactions are. These are by no means the only conservation laws in particle physics. ☜9FDDBE
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Dark Matter Search
Dark Matter Search☜Dark matter is a currently unknown substance to which astrophysicists refer to explain the rotation speeds of stars and the formation of the Universes structures. Its gravitational effects indicate that it accounts for 25% of the Universes energy balance, five times more than ordinary matter. This new form of matter could consist of stable and electrically-neutral particles predicted in many theories. Unraveling the nature of dark matter is one of the greatest interdisciplinary challenges.☜9FDDBE
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Elementary Matter Constituents
Elementary Matter Constituents☜The fundamental components of matter. They are called elementary because, to date, no one has found any evidence of a size or of an internal structure, despite the experiments studying them. An atom isnt an elementary particle, as it is made up of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Neither are nucleons, as they are made up of quarks. Conversely, electrons and quarks are elementary particles unless proven otherwise☜9FDDBE
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Radioactive Decays
Radioactive Decays☜In particle physics, an unstable particle decay is the spontaneous process of one unstable subatomic particle transforming into multiple lighter particles. A radioactive decay is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus is transformed into a lighter nucleus accompanied by the emission of particles or radiation. Both have the same origin and are governed by the strong and weak forces. ☜9FDDBE
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Graph of this discussion
Graph of this discussion☜Click this to see the whole debate, excluding comments, in graphical form☜dcdcdc
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Claire Adam
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