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Accelerator Elements
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Explain
⌅
The Infinite Passport Glossary
The Infinite Passport Glossary☜Translated from the Passeport pour les deux infinis, IN2P3/Dunod, https://pass2i.ijclab.in2p3.fr/ (French); updated with ICHEP2024 conference (https://ichep2024.org) for IPPOG☜F1CEB7
⌃
From Beams to Measurements
From Beams to Measurements☜Scientists from institutes all over the world form experimental collaborations to build large and complex experiments and analyse the myriad of particles produced by collisions in the accelerator. ☜FFB597
⌃
Particle Accelerators
Particle Accelerators☜A machine used to provide energy to charged particles (electrons, protons, ions, etc.). Electric fields accelerate the particles while magnetic fields steer and focus them. The higher the targeted energies, the bigger the accelerator – its length can reach several kilometers, even tens of kilometers today.☜9FDDBE
■
Accelerator Elements
Accelerator Elements☜☜D3ABAB
↳
Accelerating Cavity
Accelerating Cavity☜A device that produces the electric field accelerating the particles inside accelerators. As the electric field oscillates at radio frequency, accelerating cavities are also referred to as radio-frequency cavities.☜5CA4D9
↳
Bunch
Bunch☜Particles in a collider do not circulate as a continuous flow, they are gathered in very dense bunches that are separated by vacuum. As an example, in fall 2015, approx. 2,200 bunches of more than 100 billion protons each travel in the LHC. ☜5CA4D9
↳
Dipole
Dipole☜A magnet with two poles, like the north and south poles of a permanent horseshoe magnet. Dipoles are used in particle accelerators to bend charged particles trajectories and keep them moving on a circular orbit. ☜5CA4D9
↳
Quadrupole
Quadrupole☜A magnet with four poles, used to focus particle beams rather as glass lenses focus light. There are 392 main quadrupoles in the LHC.☜5CA4D9
↳
Superconducting Cavity
Superconducting Cavity☜Schematically, metallic tubes connected to a very powerful electric energy generator which contain the intense electric fields that accelerate beams. While the cavities originally used ordinary conducting materials (e.g. copper), new cavities have been designed with supraconducting materials which offer no electric resistance but require very low temperature cooling systems for the supraconducting effects of the materials to manifest.☜5CA4D9
↳
Superconductivity
Superconductivity☜A property of some materials, initially discovered at very low temperatures, that allows them to carry electricity without resistance. The absence of Joule effect loss is used to run powerful currents and, for instance, create very strong magnetic fields. Current research and development focus on high-temperature superconductors, discovered in 1986, that can be cooled with less expensive systems. ☜5CA4D9
↳
Vacuum
Vacuum☜In physics, there is no such thing as absolute vacuum: a given volume, whatever its conditions, always contains molecules. The pressure of the residual gas is expressed in pascals (Pa) or in millibars (mbar). The atmosphere has a pressure of approx. 100,000 pascals (1 bar). In the LHC the Ultra-vacuum, corresponds to a pressure of 10-8 Pa; there remain 2 million molecules par cubic centimetre. By comparison, interstellar gases contain a few atoms per cubic centimetre.☜5CA4D9
□
Acceleration Principles
Acceleration Principles☜☜D3ABAB
□
Accelerator Types
Accelerator Types☜☜D3ABAB
□
Beam
Beam☜In an accelerator, particles are gathered together in a beam. Beams can contain billions of particles and be divided into discrete portions called bunches. Each bunch is usually several centimetres long but just a few microns wide.☜00CFE4
□
eV, GeV, TeV
eV, GeV, TeV☜One electron-Volt is the energy acquired by an electron accelerated by a 1 Volt electric tension.A Giga electron-Volt (GeV) equals a billion electron-Volts. A Tera electron-Volt (TeV) equals a thousand billion electron-Volts.Through Einsteins formula, GeV/c2 is a mass unit.☜00CFE4
□
Luminosity
Luminosity☜The collision rate in a particle accelerator is measured by a quantity called luminosity: the higher the luminosity, the higher the collision rate. Particles travel through the accelerator as bunches. The greater the number of bunches, the greater the number of particles per bunch and the smaller the size of the bunches at the collision point, the higher the luminosity.☜00CFE4
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Graph of this discussion
Graph of this discussion☜Click this to see the whole debate, excluding comments, in graphical form☜dcdcdc
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Claire Adam
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Entry date (GMT):
8/1/2024 2:08:00 PM
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