After IEA Special Report "Executive Summary"
More than $1,600 billion was invested in 2013 to provide the world’s consumers with energy, a figure that has more than doubled in real terms since 2000; and a further $130 billion to improve energy efficiency. ....
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Over the period to 2035, the investment required each year to supply the world’s energy needs rises steadily towards $2,000 billion, while annual spending on energy efficiency increases to $550 billion. ---
Less than half of the $40 trillion investment in energy supply goes to meet growth in demand, the larger share is required to offset declining production from existing oil and gas fields and to replace power plants and other assets that reach the end of their productive life. ###
Of the $8 trillion investment in energy efficiency to 2035, 90% is spent in the transport and buildings sectors, reflecting policy ambitions and remaining efficiency potentials. %%%
Decisions to commit capital to the energy sector are increasingly shaped by government policy measures and incentives, rather than by signals coming from competitive markets. &&&&
Private sector participation is essenal to meet energy investment needs in full, but mobilising private investors and capital will require a concerted effort to reduce polical and regulatory uncertainties. ++++
New types of investors in the energy sector are emerging, but the supply of long-term finance on suitable terms is still far from guaranteed. ****
Investment in liquefied natural gas( LNG) facilities creates new links between markets and improves the security of gas supply; but high costs of gas transportation may dampen the hopes of LNG buyers in Europe and Asia for much cheaper gas supplies. >>>
The investment required to maintain the reliability of Europe’s electricity system is
unlikely to materialise with the current design of power markets. >>>>
For many emerging economies, keeping up with booming electricity demand is a huge investment challenge, and current investment trends provide some warning signs or the adequacy of power supply. @@@
The investment path that we trace in this report falls well short of reaching climate stabilisation goals, as today’s policies and market signals are not strong enough to switch investment to low-carbon sources and energy efficiency at the necessary scale and speed: a breakthrough at the Paris UN climate conference in 2015 is vital to open up a different investment landscape. ~~~
Consistent and credible policies and innovative financing vehicles can provide the bridge to a low-carbon energy system.