16. Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Resources, Oceans, Seas

Some of the most concrete commitments made by Member States at Rio+20 were on the sustainable use of oceans. Many of the specific issues that these commitments addressed, such as marine litter, fisheries and biodiversity, and governance of the high seas, have been picked up by proposals in the e-Inventory.

Some of the most concrete commitments made by Member States at Rio+20 were on the sustainable use of oceans. Many of the specific issues that these commitments addressed, such as marine litter, fisheries and biodiversity, and governance of the high seas, have been picked up by proposals in the e-Inventory. Several proposals use ocean health as an umbrella term to frame the multiple factors considered necessary to facilitate the sustainable use of seas and safeguard their ecosystems. With many targets referring to moratoriums and new legal mechanisms, governance and the rule of law (19) can be considered an important interlinked focus area. 

Goal

Ensure the health, protection, and preservation of oceans, seas, and marine ecosystems [57]

Interlinkages

Healthy Oceans [58]

Interlinkages

Targets

Establish a representative network of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) covering 20-30% of the ocean’s area.

peace icon

By 2025, a significant reduction of the processes, particularly due to climate change, causing marine acidification; and by 2030, an absolute stop of its harmful impacts, with the guideline that the pH of surface waters in any larger ocean region (nor in the global mean) should not drop more than 0.2 units below the pre-industrial average value.

IndustrialisationClimate

Enact a moratorium on all fish stocks that are overfished, no longer resilient or in decline.

peace icon biodiversity icon

By 2030, a moratorium on ore mining in the deep sea with only select few trials supervised by the International Seabed Authority allowed and an appropriate framework implemented until then.

peace iconsustainable consumption

Establish and implement an agreement concerning the protection of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction.

peace iconbiodiversity icon

By 2020, a reduction of marine waste pollution by 50%; a reduction of nutrient contamination by 50% compared to levels from 1985; and a ban on heavy fuel oil in shipping.

peace iconIndustrialisationInfrastructure

By 2020, a ban on the extraction of energy resources from the deep sea and the arctic; by 2025, a complete stop of deep sea and arctic oil exploration; and an immediate ban on methane extraction and on CO2 sequestration in the deep sea.

peace iconEnergy icon

 

Goal

Healthy seas and oceans (blue economy)[59]

Interlinkages

A sustainable development goal for the ocean and coasts [60]

Interlinkages

Targets

By 2020, consistent with the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity, Governments establish at least 10 per cent coastal and marine areas. By 2030, oceanic dead zones are recovered by reducing nitrogen runoff from land by 50 per cent or more. By 2020, marine protected areas are established in at least 25 per cent of each exclusive economic zone and the high seas in representative networks capable of restoring minimum viable populations of all at-risk stocks, protecting marine biological diversity, and maximizing benefits to commercial and subsistence fishers in surrounding waters.

sustainable consumption biodiversity icon peace icon Employment icon

Secure blue wealth by ensuring a healthy and productive marine environment with all basic provisioning, support, regulation, and cultural services.

Implementation iconGrowth icon

Provide equitable access to ocean resources, and ensure that neither pollution nor the harvesting and extraction of animate and inanimate resources impair the basic functions of the ecosystem.

biodiversity icon sustainable consumptionequality

Reduce plastic pollution in the oceans, including by banning or taxing single-use plastics, supporting the use of recycled plastics in new products and holding manufacturers responsible for plastics through their entire life cycle.

sustainable consumption

Facilitate the development of sustainable and resilient coastal communities.

Implementation icon Climate

Establish an international monitoring network for ocean acidification to enable the identification of vulnerable regions and industries and to provide an early warning system for industries already experiencing harm.

Implementation iconGrowth icon

Harmonize national and regional maritime policies, and encourage cooperation in coastal and global marine spatial planning.

Implementation iconInfrastructure

Designate the high seas of the Central Arctic Ocean as a zone for international scientific cooperation, where extractive and polluting activities are suspended until we have a better understanding of the area and the potential effects of such activities.

peace iconImplementation icon Industrialisation

Schedule, as a matter of urgency, an intergovernmental conference to address the multiplying threats to ocean areas beyond the jurisdiction of individual nations.

Implementation iconpeace icon

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