Vulnerable to counter-examples
Whether behaviorally or operationally interpreted, the Turing test is vulnerable to cases where unthinking machines pass the test or unthinking machines fail it.
But, if the Turing test is interpreted as a source of inductive evidence, then such counter-examples can be accommodated.
James Moor, 1976 and 1987.
Supported by "The Inductive Evidence Interpretation".