Kumpfer Framework
As in Kumpfer’s model, the participants in this study believed that stressors or challenges impacted on environmental factors and internal factors resulting in resiliency or maladaptive outcomes. Clearly environmental characteristics such as family, culture and being part of a rural community were both protective and risk factors. Many of the internal resiliency factors identified by Kumpfer were also found in this study – spiritual, behavioural, cognitive, emotional and physical factors.