Rwanda implemented a National Land Policy in 2005, under which all types of land tenure are being converted to one statutory form. Land registration became mandatory and customary land holders are being granted long-term leases. Key principles behind these developments include: the reaffirmation of land as the natural heritage of all Rwandans, the adoption of land management practices, and gender equity. Rwandan women now have equal land rights to men.

By the end of August 2011, over 80 per cent of land parcels had been demarcated and provisional land certificates issued. The demarcation process for the whole country will be completed in June 2012.

The policy represents a new chapter in Rwanda’s land history which has been spurred by the high population density. Land policies had ceased to be implemented following the 1994 Genocide and the collapse of formal institutions. Prior to this, land had been nationalised after Independence, granting usufruct rights to the population. Under colonial rule, which was preceded by long periods of customary tenure, registered land title for foreigners was combined with existing customary arrangements for locals.

Rwanda was commended for its courage in undertaking the land registration process. Some thought Rwanda’s small size facilitated such developments, which would not be possible in larger countries. One concern, however, is that people may be tempted to sell their land to speculators. The World Bank recently evaluated the new system and published its findings in August 2011