Ocean faces multiple, interconnected threats

The ocean faces a multitude of interconnected threats that is unprecedented in modern history.





Links between threats to the global oceans (in boxes outside the circle) and the nine planetary boundaries identified in Rockström, J., et al. (2009), A safe operating space for humanity, Nature, 461(24 September), 472-475. Note that one of these boundaries – ocean acidification – is identical to one of the six ocean threats. ‘N&P’ refers to nitrogen and phosphorus.

From: SEI – Valuing the Ocean)




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