Vitalism
Vitalism is a school of biology that maintain that biological organisms are too complicated to understand using only mechanical principles. Vitalists posit the existence of a vital force—or elan vital—to explain the workings of living organisms.
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Members of the school include: Hans Driesh (20th-century), Claude Bernard, and the German Naturphilosophen school (including Johann Wolfgang from Goethe, Johann Herder, Immanuel Kent, and others).