When does one gain the protection for their civil rights?

When life begins is not the only issue with abortion, when a life is granted the protection of civil rights is also central.

For instance, infants are often beaten by their parents without judicial repercussions.  Even when the court is  fully aware of the parent's actions, the rights of the child are subordinate to the rights of the parent.  Is there any documentation that charts out what rights are granted to people and when? Are these milestones appropriate? 
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This is circular and unhelpful
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